Biochip

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Biochip
Biosensor or bioprocessor that utilizes
technologies of modern Biology and Electronics
in a micro scale.
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Types of Biochip
DNA chip Protein chip Enzyme chip Lab-on-a-chip Biomolecular machine Biocomputer
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Physical methodsare the keys for many biological
problems

• DNA sequencing
• Protein structure
• Spectrophotometry
• Mass Spect
• Electron microscope
• Confocal

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Bio-physical methods

• DNA sequencing
• Protein structure
• Spectrophotometry
• Mass Spect
• Electron microscope
• Confocal

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Structure Determination
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An ideal biochip

• Size-portable
• Save energy-long term usage
• Low cost-mass production
• High sensitivity-integration
• Low sample requirement
• Microarray-high thru put
• Decreased invasiveness

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ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration SSI Small
Scale Integration VLSI Very Large Scale
Integration ZSI Zero Scale Integration
ASI Atomic Scale Integration LSI Large Scale
Integration GSI Giga Scale Integration MSI Mediu
m Scale Integration
Time evolution in computer
technology from zero to atomic scale integration
(Ciabrera et al., 1991 Nicolini, 1993).
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Features and factors of size reduction in
microchip-based analysis TIBTECH DECEMBER 1999
(VOL 17)
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The size matter
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Biomolecular Machine

• Microtubules and Their Motors
• Skeletal Muscle Myosin and muscle contraction
• A Proton Gradient Drives the rotation of
  Bacterial Flagella

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DNA as Molecular Machine Construction and
operation of the molecular tweezers.
A DNA-fuelled molecular machinemade of
DNA Bernard Yurke, Andrew J. Turbereld², Allen
P. Mills Jr, Friedrich C. Simmel Jennifer L.
Neumann NATURE VOL 406 10 AUGUST 2000
Name Sequence Domain 1 Domain 2 A 5
TGCCTTGTAAGAGCGACCAT CAACCTGGAATGCTTCGGAT 3 B 5
GGTCGCTCTTACAAGGCA CTGGTAACAATCACGGTCTATGCG 3 C
5 GGAGTCCTACTGTCTGAACTAACG ATCCGAAGCATTCCAGGT
3 F 5 CGCATAGACCGTGATTGTTACCAG
CGTTAGTTCAGACAGTAGGACTCC TGCTACGA 3 b 5
GGTCGCTCTTACAAGGCA CAGCTAGTTTCACAGTGGCAAGTC 3 g
5 GCAGGCTTCTACATATCTGACGAG ATCCGAAGCATTCCAGGT
3 FBg 5 CGCATAGACCGTGATTGTTACCAG
CTCGTCAGATATGTAGAAGCCTGC ACGTCGAT 3 FCb 5
GACTTGCCACTGTGAAACTAGCTG CGTTAGTTCAGACAGTAGGACTCC
TGTCCAGA 3
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Biocomputer

• Memory-The design of a biochip a self-assembling
  molecular-scale memory, Protein Engineering, 1,
  295 (1987)
• Switching devise-Biochemical switching devise
  biomimetic approach and application to neural
  network study, J. of Biotech, 109, 109 (1992)
• Logic gate-A biochemical logic gate using an
  enzyme and its inhibitor, Biotech Progress (1999)
• Wire-Femtosecond direct observation of charge
  transfer between bases in DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci
  USA, 19, 14052 (2000)

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Applications of DNA chip and microarray
technology Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3)289-307
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Companies involved in developing microarray
DNA-chip technology for pharmacogenomics (from A
to V) Pharmacogenomics (2000) 1(3)289-307
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Components of a DNA microchip. Pharmacogenomics
(2000) 1(3)289-307
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Types of transducer

• Electrical-current/voltage (FET, MOS),
• charge, dielectricity
• Optical-absorption, emission, phase change,
  polarisation/absorption (SPR), opto-ethermal
• Thermal
• Magnetic-NMR, mass spect
• Mechanical, frequency-surface acoustic wave,
  quartz balance

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Electrochemical Sensors

• Principle
• Anode semi-oxidation reaction
• Cathode semi-reduction reaction
• Example Biofuel cell

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Biofuel Cell (J.A.C.S. 2001, 123, 8630)
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Electronic Nose(Biosen. Bioele. 14, 1999 9-18)
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Surface Plasma Resonance (SPR)
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Nanowire FET (Sience 293, 17, August, 2001)
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Semiconductor Devices as Sensors of Biological
Reactions
SAW
Photodiodes
Mass
Light
Modified Electrode
Electron
Charge
EnzymeFET
Heat
Thermometer