Nail Theory

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Nail Theory

• Nail Structure
• Nail Growth
• Nail Diseases, Disorders, and Conditions

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Onychology

• The study of nails.

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Nail Structure

1. Free Edge Extends past the skin.
2. Nail Body Visible nail area.
3. Nail Wall Skin on both sides of nail.
4. Lunula Whitened half-moon
5. Eponychium Lies at the base of the nail, live
   skin.
6. Mantle Holds root and matrix.

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Nail Structure

• 7. Nail Matrix Generates cells that make the
  nail.
• 8. Nail Root Attached to matrix
• 9. Cuticle Overlapping skin around the nail
• 10. Nail Bed Skin that nail sits on
• 11. Nail Grooves Tracks that nail slides on
• 12. Perionychium Skin around nail
• 13. Hyponychium Underneath the free edge

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Hyponychium Nail Body
Nail Groove
Nail Bed Lunula
Eponychium Nail Root
Matrix
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Free Edge Nail Bed Eponychium Matrix Nail Root
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Nail Growth

• Keratin Glue-like protein that hardens to make
  the nail.
• Rate of Growth
• 4 to 6 month to grow new nail
• Approx. 1/8 per month
• Faster in summer

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Injuries

• Result shape distortions or discoloration
• Nail lost due to trauma.
• Nail lost through disease.

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Types of Nail Implements

• Nippers Nail Clippers
• Cuticle Pusher Emery Board
• or orangewood stick

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Nail Diseases, Disorders and Conditions

• Onychosis Any nail disease
• Etiology Cause of nail disease, disorder or
  condition.
• Hand and Nail Examination Check for problems
• Six signs of infection Pain, swelling, redness,
  local fever, throbbing and pus

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Symptoms

• Coldness Lack of circulation
• Heat Infection
• Dry Texture Lack of moisture
• Redness Infection
• Color of Nail Bed Bruise
• Condition of Free Edge Nail biter
• Tenderness/stiffness Arthritis
• Nail Plate Thickness - Filing

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Nail Irregularities

• Refer to a physician!!
• Do not diagnose!!

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Onychomycosis

• Tinea Unguium / Ringworm
• Cause fungus
• Thick, turns colors, deformed
• See physician
• No services may be performed!!!

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Tinea Manus

• Hand Ringworm
• Fungus
• Blisters flakes
• See physician
• No services may be performed!!

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Tinea Pedis

• Athletes Foot / Foot Ringworm
• Fungus
• Itching red blisters
• See Physician
• No services may be performed!!

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Paronychia

• Inflammation
• Bacterial Infection
• Shows signs of infection
• May grow out irregular
• See physician
• No service may be performed!!

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Onychoptosis

• Shedding of Nails
• Disease
• Sensitive, nail loss
• Will re-grow
• Needs to be protected
• No service may be performed!!

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Onychia

• Inflammation of Matrix
• Bacterial Infection
• Signs of infection
• Nail may not grow back
• If it does grow, may be deformed
• Needs to be protected
• No services may be performed!!

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Onychatrophia

• Wasting away of the nail
• Injury
• Shrinkage, separation
• May improve in 3 6 months
• No services may be performed!!

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Onycholysis

• Loosening of Nail
• Systemic
• Partially loose nail, becomes detached
• See physician
• No services may be performed!!

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Blue Nails

• Blue nails
• Systemic
• Blue in color, poor circulation
• Manicure with caution!

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Corrugations

• Ridges across nail
• Injury/systemic
• Ridges
• Buff lightly
• Ridges may disappear while growing out.
• Lightly buff, apply base coat

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Kolionychia

• Spoon Nails
• Systemic
• Concave, unusual shape, unlikely to disappear
• File carefully, polish to protect

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Furrows

• Vertical Lines
• Injury
• Buff lightly, may grow out, may be permanent
• Lightly buff and apply base coat

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Onychogryposis

• Claw Nails
• Systemic
• Thick, curved, claw-like
• Physician may remove
• Difficult to clean and cut.
• Clean under free edge.

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Extreme Case of Onychogryposis
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Onychocryptosis

• Ingrown Nails
• Environmental
• Signs of infection No Service
• Refer to physician
• If not infected Soften skin, trim nail
• DO NOT CUT OUT INGROWN NAIL!!

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Onychauxis

• Hypotrophy
• Injury
• Thickness, easily recognizable
• Lightly buff

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Agnails

• Hang Nail
• Dry Cuticle
• Skin breaks at corner of nail, trim
• May heal in 2 to 3 days
• Trim Hangnail and Moisturize

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Bruised Nails

• Purple Nails
• Trauma
• Discoloration under nail, normal growth will
  continue
• No pressure on nail plate.

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Leuconychia

• White spots
• Injury or liver disease
• Small separation from nail bed, grows out with
  nail.
• Perform nail service as usual.

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Pterygium

• Overgrown cuticles
• Sticky cuticle
• Excess cuticle that splits and eventually tears.
• Soften, massage cuticles and push back
• Unless skin is broken, then no service.

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Extreme Case of Pterygium
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Onychophagy

• Bitten Nails
• Habit
• Easily recognizable, will re-grow if biting stops
• Perform nail service weekly

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Onychorrhexis

• Split Nails
• Injury (improper filing or harsh chemical
  contact)
• Easily recognizable, file with emery board
  carefully, may be permanent
• Soften nails, use hot oil manicure

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