Measuring%20Self-Schema

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Measuring Self-Schema

• Commonly use S data
• How do you see yourself ?
• Rate 1 - 5
• Am the life of the party. 
• Feel comfortable around people. 
• Start conversations.  
• Talk to a lot of different people at parties. 
• Don't mind being the center of attention.  
• Make friends easily.  
• Take charge. 
• Know how to captivate people. 
• Feel at ease with people. 
• Am skilled in handling social situations.

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Measuring Self-Schema

• Sociable Schema
• High scores schematic on this dimension
• Low scores aschematic on this dimension
• Results
• Schematic individuals
• tend to behave in a sociable manner
• Sensitive to social stimuli

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Self-Schema

• Schematic individuals are experts on the
  dimension
• Experts (in any area) tend to
• Remember relevant information about domain
• See world in terms of the domain
• Can automatically respond to issues related to
  the domain

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Questionnaire
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Schema

• Three types of schemas
• Actual self
• How you see yourself
• Sum scores on page 3
• High scores see actual self in an undesirable
  manner

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Schema

• Three types of schemas
• Ideal self
• What is your best self
• Sum scores on page 4
• High score currently see self as close to ideal
  
• Represents the state where all the rewards you
  could get are attained

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Schema

• Three types of schemas
• Ought self
• What self should you be
• Sum scores on page 2
• High score currently see self as close to how
  one ought to be
• Represents the state where no punishments or
  other bad events will occur

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Rarely are either ideal self or ought self
The further you are from the ideal self
The further you are from the ought self
Ideal Self
Ought Self
Actual Self
Anxiety!
Depression!
Depression caused by disappointment Anxiety
caused by fear
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More selves

• How many actual selves do you have?
• The actual self you have in working memory
  depends on
• Who you are with
• What you are doing

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Working Self-Concept
What is your self like when you are. . . .
With your family
With romantic partner
At work
At school
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Working Self-Concept

• Problem!

Romantic
Dependable
No true self / No identity
Angry
Hard Worker
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Working Self-Concept
What self determines which self to use?
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Problem
What self determines which self to use?
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Working Self-Concept

• Problem! Where does it stop?

Self as student
Self as psychology student
Self as personality psychology student
Self as personality psychology student in lecture
Self as personality psychology student studying
Self as personality psychology student taking test
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Working Self-Concept

• Problem!
• People tend to behave the same across situations!

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Questionnaire

• Is talkative
• Is not reserved
• Is full of energy
• Generates a lot of enthusiasm
• Tends not to be quiet
• Has an assertive personality
• Is outgoing, sociable

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Schema vs. Traits

• Two names for the same underlying construct
• Big-5 (extraversion)
• Schema researchers vs. Trait researchers

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Remember
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Schemas

• Can be thought of as a strategy
• Sequence of activities to attain a goal

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Strategies

• Narrow Strategies
• How an individual acts around specific people
• Automatic
• Script

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Questionnaire

• 1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best.
• 2. Its easy for me to relax.
• 3. If something can go wrong for me, it will.
• 4. I always look on the bright side of things.
• 5. Im always optimistic about my future.
• 6. I enjoy my friends a lot.
• 7. Its important for me to keep busy.
• 8. I hardly ever expect things to go my way.
• 9. Things never work out the way I want them to.
• 10. I dont get upset too easily.
• 11. Im a believer in the idea that every cloud
  has a silver lining.
• 12. I rarely count on good happening to me.

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Strategies

• Broad Strategies
• Exist across situations (like traits!)
• Characteristic adaptations
• Optimistic strategy
• Always assume the best will happen
• Pessimistic strategy
• Assume that the worst is likely to happen

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Strategies

• Optimistic strategy vs. Pessimistic strategy
• How do you deal with a stressful test?

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Strategies

• Optimistic strategy
• Expect to do the best
• Pessimistic strategy
• Expect the worst (then be happy when it doesnt
  happen)
• Defensive pessimists
• Both work just as well!
• Different patch to reach the same goal

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Goals
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Questionnaire

• Think about goals that are currently important to
  you and the specific things you will do to attain
  these goals.
• Write down 10 of your goals.

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Video

• http//viscog.beckman.uiuc.edu/grafs/demos/15.html

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Goals

• Goals influence. . . . .
• what you attend to
• what you think about
• what you do
• Idiographic
• Goals that are unique to an individual
• Get a date with Bob
• Nomothetic
• Goals that are common in almost everyone
• Be loved by others

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Goals
Markey, 2002
Long-Term Nomothetic

• Hierarchal

Experience love
Want a balance focused on goal types
Find romantic partner
Go to a party
Buy nice clothes
Short-Term Idiographic
Get a job
Take a shower
Call friends
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Goals

• Are there basic nomothetic goals?
• Much research in this area is trying to reduce
  idographic goals into broader nomothetic goals
• Like the Big-Five did with traits!
• Kaiser why study
• McClellands needs
• Markey and Ozers Agency and Communion

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Goals

• 1) Provide a plan of action
• 2) Motivate our behavior
• 3) Focus our attention
• What we attend to
• What we think about
• This can be good or bad!
• Flexibility and balance are key!

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Putting it all together
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Judgment and Development goals

• Judgment Goals
• Goals that seek to judge or validate an attribute
  in oneself
• e.g., Make others know that I am the smartest
  one in the class
• Development Goals
• Goals that attempt to improve once
• e.g., Become the smartest person in the class

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Judgment and Development goals

• Help determine how a person will react to failure
• F

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Judgment and Development goals

• Judgment Goals
• Helpless pattern pattern
• Will not try harder.just conclude I cant do
  it
• Development Goals
• Mastery-oriented pattern
• Tries harder next time

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Judgment and Development goals

• What caused these different goals to be set?
• A stable characteristic (i.e., a trait)

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Questionnaire

• You have a certain amount of intelligence and you
  really cant do much to change it
• Your intelligence is something about you that you
  cant change very much
• You can learn new things but you cant really
  change your basic intelligence

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Entity and Incremental Theories

• Entity Theory
• Personal qualities are fixed an unchangeable
• e.g., IQ, happiness, etc.
• Incremental Theories
• Personal qualities can change over time and with
  experience
• e.g., IQ, happiness, etc.

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Putting it together
Failure
Helpless Pattern
Judgment Goals
Entity theory
Developmental Goals
Mastery-Oriented Pattern
Incremental theory
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