Monogastric Nutrition

1
(No Transcript)
2
(No Transcript)
3
Monogastric Nutrition
4
Nutrient Requirements

• Simple Stomached
• Require readily digestible feed
• Cannot use complex carbohydrates
• Cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.
• Require essential amino acids
• Cannot synthesize amino acids
• Poor quality protein, NPN
• Water

5
Water

• Important nutrient
• 55-80 of animal is water
• Depends on age
• Uses
• Hydration, medium for moving wastes into and out
  of body
• Component of milk, lubricates joints, cushions
  nerves, disperses heat, protects developing
  fetuses

6
Water

• Free access to water
• Cool, Clean, Abundant
• Pigs will consume 1-1.5 quarts / pound of feed
• Limiting water intake results in poor production
• Decreased intake
• Poor feed efficiency
• Reduced milk production

7
Energy

• Required for basic processes
• Acquired from carbohydrate, fat, protein
  metabolism
• Obtained from Corn, Soybean meal, fat
• Some cases, energy may be limiting factor for
  growth

8
Energy

• Energy requirements
• Influenced by
• Weight (Direct influence on maintenance)
• Genetic ability to produce lean tissue
• Environmental temperature
• Most often expressed as
• Digestible Energy (DE)
• Metabolizable Energy (ME)
• For all weight classes, ME requirement is approx.
  96 of the DE requirement

9
Energy
Table 23-1
10
Energy
Table 23-3
11
Energy
Table 23-4
12
Energy
Table 23-6
13
Protein Amino Acids

• Protein makes up portions of muscle, blood,
  enzymes, hair, etc.
• 7-9 of the pigs body is edible protein
• Protein consists of 22 different amino acids
• For growth to occur at a rapid rate, the ration
  must supply 10 of the 22 amino acids

14
Protein Amino Acids

• Essential amino acids One in which the body
  cannot manufacture in sufficient quantity to
  permit maximum growth and performance
• Non-Essential amino acids Amino acids which can
  be synthesized in large enough amounts to permit
  maximum growth as long as sufficient Nitrogen is
  present.

15
Protein Amino Acids
16
Protein Amino Acids

• Lysine is the 1 essential or limiting amino acid
  in swine diets
• Lysine concentration is high in muscle
• Lysine content of most feedstuffs is low
• Feeding high quality proteins is essential
• Contains all essential amino acids in the correct
  proportions and amounts
• Possible to perform better on a 12 CP vs. 16 CP

17
Protein Amino Acids

• Soybean meal
• Used as the primary protein source in swine diets
• 85 of lysine digested absorbed by pig
• Versus 65 of lysine in meat bone meal
• Complements corn well in the diet
• Swine diets formulated approximately 79 corn to
  20 soybean meal. (/- 1-2 )
• Trying to correct the deficiencies in the cereal
  grain

18
Vitamins Minerals

• Pigs are most likely to suffer from vitamin
  mineral deficiencies
• Primarily fed cereal grains low in minerals,
  particularly calcium
• Skeleton supports greater weight in proportion to
  its size than other farm animals
• Fed to grow at a maximum rate and are marketed
  before they mature
• Reproduce at a younger age
• Raised in a confinement setting.

19
Vitamins Minerals

• Minerals
• Very important functions
• Required only in very small amounts
• Pigs require 13 different minerals in the diet
• Minerals deficient in corn soybean meal diets
• Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na),
  Chlorine (Cl),
• Trace minerals Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine
  (I), Selenium (Se)

20
Vitamins Minerals

• Minerals
• Calcium Phosphorus are the most critical and
  are required in the greatest amounts
• Adequate levels will provide a strong skeletal
  structure
• Deficiencies will lead to poor bone
  mineralization
• Important when raised in confinement on concrete
  floors
• Ideal ratios of CaP should lie between 11 and
  1.251

21
Vitamins Minerals

• Vitamins
• Complex organic compounds needed in minute
  amounts, which are essential for health and
  normal body functions
• Pigs require 15 vitamins in very small amounts
• Many of these are likely to be deficient in corn
  soybean meal diets

22
Vitamins Minerals
Table 19-6, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church
23
Additives

• Substances added to swine rations to enhance
  performance
• Feed-grade fat
• Can be added at 5 of the total ration
• Added as an energy source
• Reduces dustiness of feed and increases
  palatability
• To be economical, cost must be no more than 2.5
  to 3.0 times the cost of corn

24
Additives
Table 19-10, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church
25
Additives

• Antimicrobial agents, anthelmintics
• Antimicrobials
• Added to stimulate growth and feed efficiency,
  and to reduce mortality
• Low levels (Subtherapeutic) Promote growth
• Moderate-to-high levels (Prophylaxis)
  Prevention of disease in exposed animals
• High levels (Therapeutic) Treatment of disease

26
Additives

• Anthelmintics
• Used to prevent or remove internal parasites
• Roundworms Lungworms
• Some will control external parasites
• Lice, Mange
• Ivermectin
• Considered drugs and are regulated by the FDA
• Only certain types, levels, and combinations are
  approved for use in swine diets

27
Additives
Table 19-15, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church
28
Additives
Table 19-16, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church
29
Management

• 75-80 of the total cost associated with swine
  production are feed costs
• Intense management is required
• Feed manufacturers and producers must evaluate
  the cost effectiveness and feed value in order to
  formulate cost effective and nutritionally
  adequate swine diets
• Generic diet formulation may be a problem in
  formulating cost effective gains

30
Management

• Phase Feeding
• Adjusting the ration according to the individual
  pigs nutrient needs as it grows
• Depending on the intensity of the management
  system, rations can also be adjusted based on sex
  of the pig

31
Management
32
Management

• The end goal of the feed manufacturer and
  producer is to cost effectively produce pigs
  which will reach market weight (250-280 lbs) in
  the shortest amount of time with a minimum amount
  of fat and maximum amount of lean tissue your
  genetics will allow.

33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)