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The Church
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SECTION 1 Catholic Influence SECTION 2 Attempts
to Reform SECTION 3 Learning SECTION 4 The
Crusades
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Terms to Learn
People to Know

• Urban II

• mass

• Saladin
• Richard the Lionheart

• tithes
• cathedrals
• unions
• chancellor
• crusades
• emirs

Places to Locate

• Cluny

• Palestine
• Outremer
• Venice
• Acre

People to Know

• Gregory VII

• Francis of Assisi
• Thomas Aquinas

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Catholic Influence

• The Roman Catholic Church had great influence
  during the Middle Ages.

• It was the center of every village and town, and
  played an important part in the political life of
  the period.

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Daily Life

• Daily life revolved around the Church.

• On Sundays, people went to mass, or a worship
  service, held by the parish priest.
• Church leaders ran schools and hospitals.

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Political Life

• The Church played an important role in the
  political life of the Middle Ages.

• Together with kings and nobles, Church officials
  helped govern western Europe.
• The Church told people to obey the kings laws
  unless they went against canon laws, or laws set
  up by the Church.

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The Inquisition

• Despite its power, the Church faced the problem
  of heresy.

• In 1129, a council of bishops set up the
  Inquisition, or Church court, to end heresy by
  force.
• People suspected of heresy had one month to
  confess and if they did not appear they were
  seized and brought to trial.
• The trials purpose was to get a confession.

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Attempts at Reform

• The Church became rich during the Middle Ages as
  church members gave tithes, or offerings equal to
  10 percent of their income, and rich nobles
  donated money to build large churches and gave
  land to monasteries.

• When a bishop died, his office and lands were
  taken over by the local noble who often chose a
  close relative as the new bishop or sold the
  office.
• During the late 900s and early 1000s, some
  western Europeans worked to return the Church to
  Christian ideals.

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The Monks of Cluny

• To fight corruption in the Church, devout, or
  deeply religious, nobles founded new monasteries
  that strictly followed the Benedictine Rule.

• Cluny was an important monastery in eastern
  France where monks led simple prayerful lives,
  recognized only the authority of the Pope, and
  said that the Church, not kings or nobles, should
  choose all Church leaders.

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Pope Gregory VII

• Pope Gregory VII continued the reforms begun by
  the monks of Cluny.

• Gregory had two goals as Pope to rid the Church
  of control by kings and nobles, and to increase
  the Popes power over Church officials.
• Gregory made many changes in the Church to
  achieve his goals.

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Friars

• During the early 1200s, preachers called friars,
  or monks who worked directly with people and did
  not isolate themselves, carried out Church
  reforms.

• Two well-known orders, or groups of friars, were
  the Franciscans and Dominicans.
• Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan order in
  1200. A Spanish monk named Dominic started the
  Dominican order in 1216.

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Learning

• During the late Middle Ages, the rise of
  governments brought more security, the economy
  grew stronger, and there was more time for
  learning.

• Learning was in the hands of the Church.

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Cathedral Schools

• The parish clergy set up schools in cathedrals,
  or churches headed by bishops.

• The cathedral schools taught grammar, rhetoric,
  logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.

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Universities

• After a while, students complained that teachers
  held few classes and did not cover enough
  subjects, and teachers complained that untrained
  people were teaching. So they initiated changes
  by forming unions.

• These unions became universities, or groups of
  teachers and students devoted to learning.
• By the 1200s, universities, headed by church
  officials called chancellors, had spread all
  through Europe.

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Thomas Aquinas

• Thomas Aquinas was a noted scholar of the Middle
  Ages who believed that both faith and reason were
  gifts of God.

• Aquinas wrote a book called Summa Theologica, or
  A Summary of Religious Thought.
• Aquinass teachings were later accepted and
  promoted by the Church.

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The Crusades

• For hundreds of years, western European
  Christians visited shrines in Jerusalem.

• When, in 1071, a people called Seljuq Turks
  conquered Jerusalem, taking control of the
  Christian shrines, traveling in Palestine became
  difficult for the Christians.
• The Christians were shocked and angered by what
  was happening in the Holy Land.
• The result was a series of holy wars called
  crusades, which lasted about 200 years.

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A Call to War

• Even after taking Palestine, Turkish armies
  continued to threaten the Byzantine Empire.

• In 1095, Pope Urban II spoke before a large crowd
  in the town of Clermont in eastern France calling
  for action against the Turks.
• His call to action promised crusaders would be
  free of debts and taxes and that God would
  forgive the sins of those who died in battle.

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The Peasants Crusade

• When Urban II called for a crusade, the Europeans
  responded eagerly and adopted the war cry Deus
  vult, which means, It is the will of God.

• Urban II wanted the nobles to plan and lead the
  crusade. The peasants, however, grew impatient
  and formed their own armies.
• In the spring of 1096, about 12,000 French
  peasants began the long journey to Palestine, and
  two other groups set out from Germany.

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The Peasants Crusade (cont.)

• The Byzantine emperor, who wanted to rid his
  capital of the peasants, gave them supplies and
  sent them to fight the Turks in Asia Minor where
  they were almost completely wiped out by Turkish
  bowmen.

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The Nobles Crusade

• In 1097, the nobles set out on an expensive
  crusade.

• About 30,000 crusaders arrived in Asia Minor,
  defeated the Turks, and moved south through the
  desert to Syria.
• In 1099, the 12,000 surviving crusaders captured
  the Holy City of Jerusalem, killed Turks, Jews,
  and Christians alike, and looted.

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The Kingdom Beyond the Sea

• Many crusaders, who had lost much of their
  religious enthusiasm, returned home to western
  Europe, and some set up four feudal kingdoms
  called Outremer, or the kingdom beyond the sea,
  in the areas they won.

• The crusaders took over the estates of rich
  Turkish and Arab Muslims and divided them among
  themselves and their best knights.
• When the crusaders were not fighting Turks, they
  ran their estates, went hunting, and attended the
  local court.

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Saladin and the Crusade of Kings

• In 1174, when Saladin, a Muslim military leader,
  became the ruler of Egypt, he united the Muslims
  throughout the Near East and started a war
  against western Crusaders in Palestine.

• Saladins armies were well organized, devoted to
  Islam, and headed by honest and just leaders
  called emirs.
• In 1187, Saladins armies took Jerusalem and
  refused to massacre the citys Christians.

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Saladin and the Crusade of Kings (cont.)

• After Saladins victory, the Church urged another
  crusade, and western armies were led by three
  powerful rulers King Richard I of England,
  Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, and King
  Philip II Augustus of France.

• Called the Crusade of Kings, it was a failure.

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The Loss of an Ideal

• In 1202, Pope Innocent III called for yet another
  crusade, and knights went by ship from the
  Italian port of Venice.

• Rich merchants wanted Venice to replace
  Constantinople as the eastern Mediterranean
  trading center.
• When the soldiers found they could not pay all
  they owed, they agreed to conquer the city of
  Zara for the Venetians and capture
  Constantinople, which was burned and looted.

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The Loss of an Ideal (cont.)

• The crusaders stayed in Constantinople and
  divided the city with the Venetians.

• Several other crusades were fought during the
  1200s, but the Europeans did not win any of them.
  
• The saddest was the Childrens Crusade in which
  French children, led by a peasant boy named
  Stephen of Cloyes, set sail from France, never
  reached Palestine, and were sold into slavery.

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The Loss of an Ideal (cont.)

• In 1291, the Muslims won the Crusades by taking
  the city of Acre, the last Christian stronghold,
  and gained back all the land in Palestine that
  the crusaders had taken earlier.

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Effects of the Crusades

• The Crusades affected both the Near East and
  western Europe.

• The Crusades helped to break down feudalism in
  western Europe as the desire for wealth, power,
  and land clouded the religious ideals of many
  western Europeans.
• Contact with the cultured Byzantines and Muslims
  led western Europeans to again become interested
  in learning and to demand such luxuries as
  spices, sugar, lemons, rugs, tapestries, and
  richly woven cloth.