Radiant Cooling

1
Radiant Cooling In an Intensive Care Unit
Penn State
Senior Thesis 03
Keith Beidel Mechanical Option
2
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
3
Project Overview
Centre Community Hospital - East Wing Addition

• Located in State College, PA
• 50,000 Square Feet
• 3 Stories

New Addition will Include

• 12 Intensive Care Units
• Same Day Surgery Suites
• Medical Treatment Unit
• Cardiovascular Rehabilitation

• Executive Board Room
• 200 Seat Auditorium
• Medical Records
• Executive Offices (CEO, CFO, etc.)

4
Project Team
Construction Manager Hickes Construction Archit
ect Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates MEP
Engineers GJAI Consulting Engineers
Structural Engineers Barber and Hoffman, Inc
5
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
6
Existing Mechanical Conditions
Cooling

• Nine AHUs serving 6 zones (3 for redundancy)
• Constant Volume DX with Air Cooled Condensers
• Constant SA Temperature of 55ºF

Heating

• Terminal Hot Water Reheat Coils
• 225 HP Boiler

ICU Unit Thesis Redesign Focus

• 100 Outdoor Air, All Air is Exhausted
• One Positive and One Negative Isolation Room

7
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
8
Mechanical Redesign

• First Floor
• Intensive Care Rooms
• 8,200 SF
• Most Critical Area of Addition

9

• ICU Design Requirements and Criteria

• N 1 Redundancy
• 100 OA Flow
• Airflow Quantities to meet AIA Guidelines for
  Design and
  Construction of Hospitals and Health Care
  Facilities, 2001
• Operation of 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year
• HEPA Filtration
• Meet Heating and Cooling Loads

10

• Mechanical Redesign Concept

• Separate the Space Sensible and Latent Loads
• Use a 100 OA AHU to Satisfy Space Latent Loads
• Use Radiant Panels to Satisfy Space Sensible
  Loads
• Use an Energy Recover Wheel to Reduce Outdoor Air
  Loads
• Leave Existing Heating System (Terminal Coil
  Reheat)

11
Major Mechanical Components
Existing
New

• 70 Ton 12,285 cfm AHU (2)
• 70 Ton ACCU (2)
• Run Around Heat Recovery
• 20 HP Pump for HR
• 10,500 cfm Exhaust Fan (2)

• 25 Ton 6,895 cfm AHU (2)
• 25 Ton ACCU (2)
• Enthalpy Wheel (2)
• 6,400 cfm Exhaust Fan (2)

• Added Equipment
• 15 Ton Packaged AC Chiller (2)
• 10 HP CW Circulating Pump (2)

12

• Mechanical Redesign Schematic

• 25 Ton 6,895 cfm AHU (2)
• 25 Ton ACCU (2)
• Enthalpy Wheel (2)
• 6,400 cfm Exhaust Fan (2)
• 15 Ton Packaged AC Chiller (2)
• 10 HP CW Circulating Pump (2)

13
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
14
System Controls

• Existing System has Pneumatic and Electric
  Controls
• The Radiant System Will Require More Precise and
  Accurate Controls
• Will be Controlled With A Direct Digital Control
  System
• Allows HVAC Components and Space Conditions Will
  Be Easily Monitored and Adjusted at One Central
  Control Station

15
System Controls
Automated Logic M-Line Digital Controller
Inputs
Outputs
16
System Controls

• TYP. ICU Room Control
• Constant Chiller Water Supply Temperature
• Variable Flow
• Thermostat Modulates Flow Control Valves
• Shutoff Valves for Maintenance

17
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
18
Energy Recovery

• Existing Energy Recovery is a Glycol Runaround
  Loop
• Provides Only Sensible Heat Recovery
• Does Not Perform Well in the Summer
• Requires a 20 HP Pump

• New Energy Recovery is a Semco Enthalpy Wheel
• Provides Sensible and Latent Heat Recovery
• Performs Well in the Summer and Winter
• Requires a Small Motor to Rotate the Wheel

19
Energy Recovery
What About Cross Contamination?

• Wheel Utilizes a Purge Section
• Works on Pressure Differences
• Purged Air Cleans Wheels Face
• SA Always Sees Clean Wheel
• Final HEPA Filtration as Fail Safe

Cross Contamination Will Not Occur !
20
Energy Recovery
The Enthalpy Wheel Reduces Total Load from 42.5
Tons to 24.1 Tons (43 Reduction) Outdoor Air
Load From 26 Tons to 7.6 Tons (71 Reduction)
21
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
22
Radiant Cooling Panels

• Redec Magic 6
• 2x2 Lay in Panels
• 28.6 BTU/SF Cooling Capacity
• Lightweight
• Easy Installation
• Good Architectural Aesthetics

23
Radiant Cooling Advantages and Benefits

• Thermal Comfort
• The Body Loses Heat in Three Ways
• Convection Air Passing Over Body
• Evaporation Breathing and Perspiration
• Radiation Transmit Heat Through Skin

Heat Loss Through Radiation is the Most Pleasant
for a Human
Human Energy Balance
Chilled Ceiling 50 30 20
Non Chilled Ceiling 35 40 25
Radiation Convection Evaporation
Thermal Comfort is Hard to Quantify and Compare
but it is a Major Benefit
24
Radiant Cooling Advantages and Benefits

• Reduced Air Drafts
• Can Be Critical in an ICUs Especially for Burn
  Victims

• Reduced Plenum Depth
• Ductwork Depth is Reduced by 10

25
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
26
Energy Analysis
Using Carriers Hourly Analysis Program
48 Less Natural Gas Consumption
32 Less Electricity Consumption
27
Energy Analysis

• Reasons for Reduced Energy Consumption
• Enthalpy Wheel Greatly Reduces OA Load
• Smaller Less Power Consuming HVAC Equipment
• Less Terminal Reheat Energy due to Reduced SA
• Energy Transportation Medium
• Water Has 4 Times More Heat Absorbing Capacity
  Than Air
• 3,480 cfm of Air 1 cf of Water in Energy
  Removal
• Requires Less Medium Transportation Energy

28
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
29
Mechanical Cost Analysis
First Cost Existing Equipment 240,612
New Equipment 311,688 New Equipment 71,076
More
30
Mechanical Cost Analysis
Yearly Energy Cost Electric Rate 0.0416
0-40,000 KWH 0.0372 gt40,000 KWH Natural Gas Rate
4.15 mcf Existing System 44,901/yr Radiant
System 28,552/yr
Yearly Savings of 16,349
31
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
32
Electrical Analysis

• Radiant System Has Less Power Consuming Equipment
  
• Therefore Conductors, Conduit, Circuit Breakers
  Can Be Downsized

Motor Full Load Current NEC 430-150 NEC
430-22 Conductor Must be Sized for 125 of
FLC Conductors NEC 310-16 Conduit NEC Table
C1 NEC Table 1 Ch. 9 Only 40 of Conduit to be
Filled Circuit Breakers NEC 440-22
33
Electrical Analysis
34
Panel Board

• All Equipment Will Be on Emergency Equipment
  Panel NE1AA
• Panel NE1AA Will Be Able to be Downsized
• Existing Continuous Amperage 517 A
• New Total Continuous Amperage 264 A
• Panel can be Downsized From 600A to 400A
• Conductor can be Downsized from 2 sets of 350
  kcmil to one set of 600 kcmil
• Conduit can be Downsized from Two 2-1/2 to One
  3-1/2

35
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
36
Electrical Cost Analysis
Reduction in Panel NE1AA Results in a 3,432
First Cost Savings
37
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
38
Acoustical Analysis

• Ceilings Will No Longer Be Acoustical Ceiling
  Tiles
• Radiant Ceiling Panels Have Lower Absorption
  Coefficients Than Acoustical Ceiling Tiles

Will These Lower Coefficients Effect the Room
Acoustics?
39
Acoustical Analysis
Reverberation Times are Essentially Identical For
All Three Cases
40
Acoustical Analysis
Room Acoustics Are Not Noticeably Affected or
Altered By the Use of Radiant Cooling Panels
Sound Power Levels Are Identical For All Three
Cases
41
Presentation Outline

• Project Overview
• Mechanical
• Existing Conditions
• Redesign
• Controls
• Energy Recovery
• Radiant Panels
• Energy Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Electrical
• Redesign
• Cost Analysis
• Acoustical
• Analysis

Conclusions
42
Conclusions
The Redesigned Radiant Cooling Mechanical System
WILL

• Reduce Operational Cost by 16,349/yr
• Reduce Energy Consumption 48 Less Gas 32
  Less Electricity
• Cost 71,067 More Than the Existing Mechanical
  System
• Cost 3,432 Less Than the Existing Electrical
  System
• Reduce the Size and Capacities of Mechanical and
  Electrical Equipment
• Provide N1 Redundancy

The Redesigned Radiant Cooling Mechanical System
WILL NOT

• Alter or Affect the Rooms Acoustics
• Alter the Rooms Architectural Appearance

43
Conclusions
INDIANA HOSPITALINDIANA, PA.WASHINGTON
HOSPITALWASHINGTON, PA.V.A. MEDICAL
CENTERPITTSBURGH, PA.ST. FRANCIS
HOSPITALPITTSBURGH, PA.GOOD SAMARITAN MEDICAL
CENTERJOHNSTOWN, PA.
44
Recommendation
Simple Payback of 4.1 Years
Install the Radiant Cooling System
45
Thanks and Appreciation
Dr. Mumma Thesis Advisor GJAI Consulting
Engineers Mr. Mike Jacobs Mr. Sean
Williams Mr. Harry Gephardt Mr. Tom
Skibinski Mr. Mark Linde TWA Panels Mr. Bob
Pruett Sun-EL Corporation AE Faculty Friends
46
Questions ?