AP%20World%20History%20Chapter%2023

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AP World HistoryChapter 23

• The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West
• 1750-1914

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The Encyclopedia

• 28 volumes on all type of learning.
• Philosophy.
• Government.
• Engineering.
• Science.
• Medicine.

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Jean Jacques Rousseau

• He believed that people in their natural state
  were basically good.
• He taught that the government had a social
  contract with its people.
• Woven through his work is a profound hate of
  political and economic oppression.

The Social Contract
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Voltaire

• My trade is to say what I think
• He targeted corrupt officials and idle
  aristocrats with his pen.
• He battled inequality, injustice, and
  superstition.
• He detested the slave trade and religious
  prejudice.

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Montesquieu

• He taught that separation of power in the
  government could protect against tyranny.
• He broke government into three separate branches.
• Legislative.
• Executive.
• Judicial.

The Spirit of the Laws
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Thomas Hobbes

• He argued that people were naturally cruel,
  greedy, and selfish.
• If not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob
  and oppress one another.

Leviathan
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John Locke

• People were basically reasonable and moral.
• People had natural rights.
• People formed governments to protect their
  natural rights.

Two Treatises of Government
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Laissez Fair Economics

• Physiocrats rejected government control.
• Limited government involvement on business would
  help business.
• Wealth was not found in gold or silver but in
  making land productive.
• Machines, lumber, mining, and free trade.

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Adam Smith

• He argued that the free market should regulate
  business.
• Wherever there is a demand for goods or service,
  suppliers will seek to meet it.
• Supply side economics dominated countries during
  the industrial age.

The Wealth of Nations
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AmericaThe Declaration of Independence

• The Congress sent an Olive Branch Petition to
  King George III of England. This petition,
  written by moderates, expressed the colonists
  loyalty to the king and requested a halt in
  fighting until a solution could be found. The
  king refused the petition.

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June 1776

• In June 1776, after more than a year of war, the
  Congress decided it was time for the colonies to
  cut ties with Britain. They prepared a statement
  of the reasons for separationa Declaration of
  Independence. Drafted Thomas Jefferson.

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Drafting a Declaration

• Thomas Jeffersons political ideas were
  influenced by the Enlightenment, an
  eighteenth-century European movement that
  emphasized science and reason as keys to
  improving society.
• Jefferson divided the Declaration into four
  sections
• The preamble, or introduction, explained the
  Declarations purpose.
• In the declaration of rights, Jefferson drew
  heavily on the writings of John Locke. People
  have natural rightsrights that belong to them
  simply because they are human. Jefferson called
  these unalienable rights.
• In the complaints against the king, Jefferson
  wrote that public officials must make decisions
  based on the law, not on their own personal
  wishes. He called this a rule of law.
• The resolution, in declaring the colonies free
  and independent states, concluded the
  Declaration.
• Jeffersons document not only declared the
  nations independence, it also defined the basic
  principles on which American government and
  society would rest.
• Congressional delegates voted to approve the
  Declaration on July 4, 1776.

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The Foundations of Democracy
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Remember the Ladies

• In the 1770s, John Adams was one of the leaders
  of the opposition to British rule. His wife,
  Abigail Adams, expressed her opinions about
  independence in a letter to him.
• In this letter Abigail asked John to Remember
  the Ladies in the new code of law. She asked him
  not to put unlimited power in the hands of
  husbands.
• Her complaints about the status of women in the
  society employed the same ideas that men were
  using in their fight against Great Britain.
  Abigail suggested that it was time to rethink the
  relationship between men and women.
• Earlier in the same letter, Abigail raised the
  issue of slavery. She felt it contradictory for
  the delegates to speak of liberty for themselves
  and not for all. However, John felt that the
  question of slavery would divide the delegates
  when unity was most crucial for success.
• The questions raised by Abigail Adams, of liberty
  and equality for all people, were very important.
  However, John Adams believed that it was more
  important to win the war than to engage in a
  debate about liberty for all.

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FranceThe Declaration of the Rights of Man

• Natural Rights
• Liberty.
• Property.
• Security.
• Equality before the law, due process, freedom of
  speech, and religion.
• Free to do anything that was not injurious to
  another.

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Principles

• Principles
• Serfdom abolished
• Equality for men
• End to aristocratic privilege
• Church privilege ended
• Elective parliament

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Collapse of the Revolution

• It degenerated into the excesses of mobocracy
  and, ultimately tyranny.
• French were ruled by organized terror.
• 40,000 people were executed not for crimes but
  for being nobles.

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The Napoleonic Code

• Napoleon wrote a series of laws that gave rights
  to the people.
• Equality of all citizens.
• Religious Toleration.
• Advancement based on Merit.

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Wars of Napoleon by 1812

• Napoleon defeated the Austrians and the Russians
  in Austria.
• Napoleon signed a peace treaty with Austria.
• Napoleon then defeats the Prussians and they sign
  a peace treaty.
• Napoleon then defeats the Russians again and they
  sign a peace treaty.

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Napoleon attacks Spain

• The Spanish used guerrilla warfare against
  Napoleon.
• The Spanish would not give direct battle.

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War in Russia

• Napoleon invades Russia because they started to
  trade with England.
• Took the capital of Russia, Moscow.
• 600,000 men invaded Russia only 93,000 made it
  out.
• Russia, England, and Prussia invaded the empire.

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Napoleon in Exile

• He abdicated his throne.
• Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba.
• Napoleon escaped from his exile and returned to
  France.
• Citizens cheered as he took control of Paris.

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The Battle of Waterloo

• The Allies of Russia, Prussia, and England
  gathered to fight Napoleon at Waterloo.
• Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo and was
  forced into exile again.
• He died in exile on St Helena in the Atlantic
  1821.

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Legacy of Napoleon

• He brought new codes of law to Europe and brought
  enlightenment to a continent full of Despotic
  Monarchs.
• Nelson at Sea
• Wellington on Land

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Revolutions of 1848

• Lower classes
• Political action
• Britain accommodates demands
• Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary
• France, 1848, monarch overthrown
• Goals
• Liberal constitutions
• Social reform
• End of serfdom
• Womens rights
• Ethnic demands

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What is Nationalism?

• Nationalism is pride in ones nation. Often
  mixed with racism and a belief that their country
  and ethnicity were superior.

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Germany Otto Von Bismarck

• The great questions of the day are not to be
  decided by speeches and majority resolutionsbut
  by blood and iron.
• Otto Von Bismarck used the Nationalist feelings
  sweeping Europe to unite Germany for the first
  time since the Holy Roman Empire.
• Germany had been a series of small and medium
  size countries and principalities.
• He was the master of words he knew what to say
  and when to say it.

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Prussia

• Using his power as chancellor of Prussia,
  Bismarck embarked on the unification of the
  German state.
• He practiced Realpolitik the focus on the
  realistic needs of the state.
• Power is more important then principles.
• Prussia continued to build their military.
• Extended the vote to all men

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German Wars of Unification

• Prussia went to war with Denmark and acquired
  land that had mostly German speaking people.
• Prussia then annexed several small German
  speaking states.
• Prussia then provoked a war with France and
  kicked the crap out of them and took more land.
• The Remaining Southern German state after seeing
  France lose, decided to join with Prussia and
  form the new German Empire.
• It was called the Second Reich. (Holy Roman
  Empire was the First Reich and Hitler formed the
  Third Reich)
• Bismarck staged the wars to create opportunities.

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Unification of Italy

• Giuseppe Mazzini pushed for unification in a
  secret organization called Young Italy
• Count Camillo Cavour used Realpolitik to create
  an alliance that made it possible for Sardinia to
  defeat Austria and claim the country of Lombardy
  in northern Italy.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi led a band of 1000 men
  financed by Cavour to Sicily where he quickly
  conquered and led his men into southern Italy.
• Many different leaders helped unite Italy.

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Victor Emmanuel

• Victor Emmanuel the constitutional monarch of
  Sardinia led a military force that over through
  the Papal State then linked up with Garibaldi.
• Garibaldi turned all conquered territory over to
  Victor.
• Bismarck negotiated a deal where France and
  Austria were forced to give back all Italian
  land.
• For the first time since the fall of the Roman
  Empire Italy was united as a country.

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Nationalism a threat to Old Empires

• Old Empires typically had many different ethnic
  groups who spoke different languages.
• These different ethnic groups wanted their own
  countries. Sovereignty or self government
• Example Greece for the Greeks.
• Democracy and Nationalism are the two dual
  threats to the Autocracy of Europe.

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The Social Question and New Government Functions

• School systems
• Literacy increases
• Welfare
• Health, old age
• Social reform becomes key political issue
• Socialism
• Karl Marx
• Parties in Germany, Austria, France, 1880s
• Women gain right to vote in many countries

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Emphasis on Consumption and Leisure

• Pleasure-seeking more acceptable
• Consumerism
• Newspapers
• Entertainment
• Vacations
• Leisure a commodity
• Team sports
• Travel industry

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Advances in Scientific Knowledge

• Rationalism
• Darwin
• Evolution
• Einstein
• Relativity
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• Social Sciences
• Science applied to human life
• Freud

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New Directions in Artistic Expression

• Romanticism
• Opposed to rationalism
• Human emotion
• Split between artists and scientists

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Western Settler Societies

• European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and
  New Zealand Peopled by immigrants
• Canada
• Federal system
• Australia
• From 1788
• Gold rush, agricultural development
• Federal system by 1900
• New Zealand
• Maori defeated by 1860s
• Agricultural economy

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Diplomatic Tensions and World War I

• Rise of Germany
• Bismarck
• Unsettles balance of power
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• European global expansion
• Latin America independent
• Africa controlled by Europeans
• China, Middle East
• Zones of European rivalry

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The New Alliance System

• By 1907
• Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente Britain, Russia, France
• Instability
• Russian Revolution, 1905
• Austria-Hungary
• Ethnic conflict
• Balkans
• Free of Ottoman control
• Divided by enmities

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The Balkans before the Regional Wars, 1912
The Balkans after the Regional Wars, 1913
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Diplomacy and Society

• Instability in 1800s
• Nationalism
• Political division
• Industrial pressures