Welcome to Veterinary Anatomy

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Welcome to Veterinary Anatomy
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Introduction to Anatomy
Objectives

• Define Anatomy
• Identify the levels of organization
• Anatomical and directional terminology to be used
  during course
• Review body cavities and lining membranes

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Anatomy

• Is the study of structure of the body and the
  relations among structures
• Greek means to cut
• Latin means to dissect
• Physiology is the study of function.
• Structure and function are inseparable.

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Subdivision of Anatomy

• Gross anatomy the study of structures that can
  be dissected and observed with the unaided eye or
  with a hand lens.
• Topographical anatomy the anatomy of one part in
  relation to other parts of the body .
• Applied anatomy the practical application of
  such knowledge in the diagnosis and treatment of
  pathological conditions
• Neuroanatomy deals with connections of cells with
  CNS

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Subdivision of Anatomy

• Cytology deals with structure of individuals
  cells
• Histology is the study of organization of cells
  and extracellualr material into complex tissue
  and organs
• Embryology examine the development of the adult
  structure from fertilized ovum to birth

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Methods of studying Anatomy

• 1- Dissection of the fixed cadaver
• remains the most important single method for
  examining the organization of the body at the
  level of the naked eye
• 2- Surface anatomy the observation of the intact
  body at rest and in action
• 3- Endoscopy the observation of some parts of
  living body, such as stomach or knee joint, by
  means of special instruments

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Methods of studying Anatomy

• 4- Organ imaging is non destructive technique
• Radiology
• Carried out by a X ray
• Ultrasound
• By the ultrasound waves

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Levels of Organization
COHN 99.5
99.9
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Vocabulary of the anatomy

• Anatomy has a highly specialized vocabulary,
  inherited from previous centuries much of Greek
  and Latin
• Many of the words have precise meaning, and their
  accurate use is important

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Vocabulary of the anatomy

• If everyone uses the same terminology, then it is
  easier to understand what each of us is trying to
  say.

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Vocabulary of the anatomy

• For the purpose of description, the body is
  considered as being in what is called the.
  "anatomical position".
• In this Anatomical Position, the body is assumed
  to be standing (animal stands on his four limbs,
  the feet together, the head and eyes facing
  forwards and palms of the hands facing downwards.
  
• To ensure consistency of description it is
  important to keep the anatomical position
  constantly in mind.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• Terms that described the position of one body
  part relative to another.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• PLANE A surface, real or imaginary along which
  any two points can be connected by a straight
  line.
• Median Plane Divides the head, body, or limb
  longitudinally into equal right and left halves.
• Sagittal Plane Passes through the head, body, or
  limb parallel to the median plane.
• Transverse Plane Cuts across the head, body, or
  limb at a right angle to its long axis or across
  the long axis of an organ or a part. Divides the
  body into cranial and caudal.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• Dorsal Plane Runs at right angles to the median
  and transverse planes and thus divides the body
  or head into dorsal and ventral portions.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• DORSAL Toward or relatively near the back and
  corresponding surface of the head, neck, and
  tail
• VENTRAL Toward or relatively near the belly and
  the corresponding surface of the head, neck,
  thorax, and tail. This term is never used for the
  limbs.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• MEDIAL Toward or relatively near the median
  plane.
• LATERAL Away from or relatively farther from the
  median plane

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• CRANIAL Toward or relatively near the head on
  the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and
  tarsus. When referring to the head it is replaced
  by the term rostral.
• ROSTRAL Toward or relatively near the nose
  applies to the head only
• CAUDAL Toward or relatively near the tail on
  the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and
  tarsus.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• INTERNAL OR INNER Close to, or in the direction
  of the center of an organ, body cavity, or
  structure.
• EXTERNAL OR OUTER Away from the center of an
  organ or structure.
• SUPERFICIAL Relatively near the surface of the
  body or the surface of a solid organ.
• DEEP Relatively near the center of the body or
  the center of a solid organ.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• PROXIMAL Relatively near the main mass or
  origin in the limbs and tail is the attached
  end.
• DISTAL Away from the main mass or origin in the
  limbs and tail is the free end.

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Basic Movements

• FLEXION The movement of one bone in relation to
  another in such a manner that the angle formed at
  their joint is reduced.
• EXTENSI0N The movement of one bone upon another
  such that the angle formed at their joint
  increases. The limb reaches out or is extended

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Basic Movements

• ABDUCTI0N The movement of a part away from the
  median plane.
• ADDUCTI0N The movement toward the median plane.

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Major parts of the Body

• Head
• Fore limbs
• Hind limbs
• Trunk
• Abdomen
• Thorax
• Diaphragm

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Body Cavities
Fig 1.14