LPG

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LPG as an Automotive Fuel
Shell AutoGas
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What is Auto LPG ?

• Auto LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is a generic
  name for mixtures of hydrocarbons (mainly propane
  and butane) which exists as vapor under ambient
  conditions and can be changed into liquid state
  by applying moderate pressures.
• Energy content similar to gasoline
• Inherently clean burning characteristics

3
Environmental Benefits

• Lower photo-chemical smog ozone forming
  potential (which causes cancer and respiratory
  problems e.g. asthma, bronchitis)
• Lower Greenhouse gas emissions (primarily Carbon
  dioxide, Methane and Nitrogen oxide) (typically
  10-20) which affect climatic change
• Less urban pollution in
• air toxics containing carcinogens and compounds
  that affect reproductive and neurological systems
• fine particulates vs diesel buses and trucks
  (which causes cancer)
• insignificant levels of sulphur dioxide, the main
  cause of acid rain

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Pollution Effects
5
Comparative Environmental Impact
(Source LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon
Report. Australia Aug 1998)
6
Particulate Emissions (regulated)
(Source LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon
Report. Australia Aug 1998)
7
Unregulated Pollutants

• Principally comprise Air Toxics from motor
  vehicles
• Fine particulate matter in motor vehicle exhaust
  absorb toxic compounds through mixing in the
  exhaust stream carrying them into lungs
• US EPA estimates that mobile (car, truck, bus)
  sources of air toxics account for half of all
  cancers attributed to outdoor sources of air
  toxics
• Some Illnesses caused by exposure
• Delayed pulmonary edema, death by respiratory
  failure, irritation to the gastrointestinal
  tract, liver and kidney damage, birth defects
  during pregnancy, delayed bone formation, bone
  marrow damage, and decrease in red blood cells
  leading to anemia.

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Emissions of 1,3-Butadiene
mg/kw-h
(Source LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon
Report. Australia Aug 1998)
9
Emissions of Acetaldehyde
mg/kw-h
(Source LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon
Report. Australia Aug 1998)
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Emissions of Formaldehyde
(Source LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon
Report. Australia Aug 1998)
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Emissions of Benzene (unregulated)
mg/kw-h
(Source LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon
Report. Australia Aug 1998)
12
Safety Benefits of Autogas

• Carbon steel construction
• 20 times more puncture resistant than a typical
  gasoline tank.
• Shut off device when the tank reaches 80 of its
  liquid capacity.
• Non-toxic
• Leaks are easily detected because of odorant
• Installed safety devices and shut-off valves that
  function automatically when the fuel line
  ruptures.
• No possibility of theft.

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Safety Benefits of Autogas
LPG cut off in accident
Crash tested LPG tanks
Tank venting
Excess flow valve on tank
Full crash testing
If LPG runs out system switches to petrol
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Auto LPG Manufacturers

• Volvo
• Nissan
• Ford
• Renault
• Vauxhall
• General Motors

LPG Efficiency Index vs Mogas ( 15-25 ) ,
vs Diesel ( 70-100 )
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Auto LPG Material Benefits

• Reduced wear during cold starting (Petrol engines
  need fuel enrichment for cold starting. Excess
  fuel accumulates on the cylinder wall washing
  away oil and thereby accelerating wear)
• Extended engine life due to absence of carbon
  deposits
• Drivability similar to gasoline w/ negligible
  effect on acceleration and top speed
• Reduced soot formation, reduced abrasion
  chemical degradation of the oil
• Higher octane number
• No annoying odor

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Price Comparison
ULG vs LPG 2000 to 2002
Peso per liter
21
Unleaded
18
15
12
LPG
9
6
3
ULG / LPG Delta 26 ave.
0
Jul-00
Jun-01
Jul-01
Jan-00
Apr-00
Jun-00
Oct-00
Jan-01
Apr-01
Oct-01
Jan-02
Mar-00
Aug-00
Mar-01
Aug-01
Nov-01
Mar-02
Feb-00
May-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
Feb-01
May-01
Dec-01
Feb-02
Sep-00
Sep-01
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Auto LPG Material Benefits
200
194 Kms. On Autogas
150
167 kms. On Unleaded
100
Average distance a car will travel on P300 of
fuel (2002)
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Auto LPG Financial Benefits
Gasoline (kms.)
LPG (kms.)
PESO Savings (Php per unit/mo.)
Maintenance Items
18,000
Spark Plug Replacement
75,000
60.38
Oil Change
10,000
20,000-30,000
104.00
Oil Filter
10,000
20,000-30,000
32.5
Engine Overhaul
200,000
400,000
162.50
Additional Costs
na
Filter Kit
110,000
62.50
Net Maintenance Savings
296.88
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Auto LPG Financial Benefits
Cebu Case
Unleaded Gasoline
21.24
Autogas
16.32
Distance per day
250 kms
Delta
30
Days in a month
26 days
Petrol Consumption
11.00 ltrs/100 kms
Autogas Consumption
12.65 ltrs./100 kms.
Fuel
W/ Maintenance
1,264.83
967.95
Monthly Savings per car
15,177.97
11,615.43
Annual Savings per car
18,000.00
Conversion Kit Cost
18,000.00
1.55
Payback in years
1.19
1 Year 6 mos
1 Year 2 mos
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Auto LPG Financial Benefits
Without tax
Unleaded Gasoline
21.24
Autogas
14.64
Distance per day
250 kms
Delta
45.02
Days in a month
26 days
Petrol Consumption
11.00 ltrs/100 kms
Autogas Consumption
12.65 ltrs./100 kms.
Fuel
W/ Maintenance
2,643.74
2,346.87
Monthly Savings per car
31,724.32
28,162.39
Annual Savings per car
18,000.00
Conversion Kit Cost
18,000.00
0.64
Payback in years
0.57
7 mos
6 mos
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Fuel Price Comparative Analysis
LPG Efficiency Index vs Mogas ( 15-25 ) ,
vs Diesel ( 70-100 )
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Performance / Track Record

• Through 3rd generation on vehicle fuel injection
  systems LPG performance can match or better
  conventional fuels
• No sluggishness or reduction in power with cold
  starts as for petrol diesel
• Higher octane (e.g. typically ULG has 92, propane
  104) leads to higher engine power output.
• Higher octane also gives smoother combustion. No
  additives required to improve performance
• Proven technology track record and experience
  as a transport fuel e.g. gt40 years in Netherlands
  Italy

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Auto LPG Use
Used in gt 40 countries
Source 1999 WLGPA Published Autogas Statistics
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Fuel Comparative Analysis
Gasoline
LPG
CNG
25
100
Vehicle Range
74
Weight of Fuel and Tank (kg)
70
90
288
Fuel Volume (liters)
75
102
302
Storing Pressure (psig)
120
3,000
Refuelling Time (mins)
10
3
Refilling Site Investment (Php)
1.5M
5M
Equipment
Tank, Pump, Dispenser
Tank, Pump, Dispenser
Supply pipeline access, high pressure compressor,
dispenser
LPG has a lot of advantages over CNG
Source Automotive LPGas Report by the World
LPGas Assoc. 1998
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Why Auto LPG?

• Technology proven and available
• conversion kits available for OEM and secondary
  market

• LPG supply infrastructure in place
• more than 150 supply points natiowide
• excess storage capacity and long on supply
• fuel supply infrastructure can readily support
  AutoLPG

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LPG major terminals filling plantsgt150 sites
nationwide
Why Auto Gas?

• Shell
• Petron
• Caltex
• Pryce
• Liquigaz
• Petronas
• Total Gas
• Nation

LA UNION Petron 700 Shell 900
AROUND Metro Manila Shell Pandacan 2000 Petron
Pasig 760 Caltex Pasig 540 Petron
Cavite 1120


BATAAN Petron 3,160 Liquigaz 12,500
BICOL Petron 390
LEYTE ISLAND Petron 240 Pryce
900 Shell 500
SO. LUZON COAST Petron 3,160 Caltex
3,160 SGE 45,000 (w/ 15 Total) Nation
600 1000 this yr.
CEBU Petron 1,350 Shell 380
(Pryce 900 by 2001)
PANAY ISLANDS Shell 700 Petron 260
Pryce 900
NORTH MINDANAO Pryce Balingasag 2,000 Shell
Villanueva 3001,000 Petron 640 Petronas
Iligan 2,000
PALAWAN Petron 190
ZAMBOANGA Petron 190 Pryce 500
NEGROS ISLAND Shell 800 Petron
280 Pryce 900
DAVAO Shell 580500 Petron 430
Pryce 2,500
GEN. SANTOS Petron 320
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Conversion Kit Diagram
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Conversion Kit Diagram - EFI
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Why Auto LPG?
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Largest Auto LPG Markets - Vehicles
source World LPGas Assoc. Report 1998
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Largest Auto LPG Markets - Gas
source World LPGas Assoc. Report 1998
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Other Case Studies
Hongkong

• 500,000 vehicles
• 18,000 taxis, diesel powered and SAR Government
  legislates all taxis to convert to Auto LPG by
  2006
• 2001 SAR Government initiating Auto LPG trials
  on buses and minibuses

Australia

• 20 million people, 10 million vehicles
• 4-5 vehicles on autogas ( 0.5mn)
• In 1999 worth 1.2mn tonnes or 2000 mn litres
• 3,300 Autogas filling sites
• 97 all taxis already on autogas

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Other Case Studies
Australia Auto LPG Volume
Annual consump. x 1000 tonnes
(Source LPG as an Automotive Fuel. Anyon
Report. Australia Aug 1998)
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Government Lobbying

• Removal of P1.63/liter autogas tax
• Zero or low duty on conversion kits

Lower Auto LPG pump prices/ lower conversion
invesment Faster Conversion Payback More
Conversions and cleaner air
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Added Services

• Mechanic/ car-care short
• training program
• Occupational and Health Hazards training seminar
• Product Knowledge, handling and safety seminar

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Government Lobbying

• Some Initiatives
• Tricycle Conversion Program Initiated by Clean
  Air Manila
• Autogas for LPG fleets initiated by Shell
• Conversion of buses and jeepneys to Autogas
  instead of rebuilding
• Norkis Autogas program
• Baguio project to convert Cars to Autogas
• Approaching OEM manufacturers (Nissan, Toyota)

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Information Sources

• Liquified Petroleum Gas as an Automotive Fuel- An
  Environmental and Technical Perspective. The
  Peter Anyon Report, Australia, August 1998
• Automotive LPGas, Todays Fuel for a Cleaner
  Tomorrow, World LPGas Association, France, 1998
• Automotive LPG- Todays Fuel For a Cleaner
  Tomorrow, World LPG Forum, France, 1995
• Auto LPG Engine Equipment Developments.
  Presentation by Shell International, 23 May 1995
  Hong Kong

Useful Websites

• www.alpga.asn.au
• www.autogas.co.uk
• www.autogaschallenge.com.au