U.S. History

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U.S. History

• Unit 6
• Becoming a World Power

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Discussion Question(s)

1. How does a person behave when he or she feels
   superior to others?
2. Do you think countries act in similar fashion?
   Why or why not?

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Global Imperialism

• Americans had always sought to expand the side of
  their nation.
• By the 19th century, Americans had control over
  much of the North American continent.
• In 1880s, policymakers were convinced that the
  U.S. should join the imperialist powers of Europe
  and establish colonies overseas.

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Vocabulary Concept Web

• Imperialism
• The policy in which stronger nations extend their
  economic, political, or military control over
  weaker territories.

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European Imperialism

• By the late 19th century, Africa had emerged as a
  prime target of European expansionism.
• Countries such Britain, France, Belgium, Italy,
  Germany, Portugal, and Spain compete for African
  raw materials and markets.

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Asian Imperialism

• Japan replaced its old feudal order with a
  central government modeled after the
  bureaucracies of Western nations.
• Japan joined European nations in their
  imperialist competitions in China in the 1890s.
• The U.S. competed with other nations to expand
  trading opportunities with China.

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American Imperialism

• Three factor fueled the new American imperialism
• Economic competition among industrial nationals
• Political and military competition
• Belief in racial and cultural superiority of
  people
• In the U.S., imperialism had economic roots.

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• Advances in technology enabled American farms and
  factories to produce far more than American
  citizens could consume.
• By achieving a favorable balance of trade
  (exporting more than importing), the U.S. had
  become a leading economic power.

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Desire for Military Strength Superiority

• Seeing that other nations were establishing
  global military presence, American foreign policy
  experts advised that the U.S. should build up its
  own military strength.
• Cultural factors also helped to justify
  imperialism.
• Combined feelings of Social Darwinism and racial
  superiority fueled the argument that the U.S. had
  the responsibility to spread Christianity
  civilization to the worlds inferior people.

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Nations competed for overseas empires.Imperialism
had mass appeal.

• In the late 1800s, Europeans and Americans were
  eager to read about adventures in distant places.
• Newspapers competed for readership by hiring
  reporters to search the globe for stories.
• One of the most famous reporters of the day was
  Henry Stanley.
• Stanley was hired in 1871 to find David
  Livingstone who had traveled deep into the heart
  of Africa and hadnt been heard from in some
  years.
• Ten months later, Stanley caught up with
  Livingstone and his account of their meeting made
  headlines around the world. Stanley became an
  instant celebrity.

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Nations competed for overseas empires.Imperialism
had mass appeal.

• (continued)
• Novels and poetry also glorified Imperialism .
• The most popular writer of the day was Joseph
  Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936).
• Kipling appealed not only to his readers sense
  of adventure but also the their feelings of
  superiority.
• He saw imperialism as a mission to civilize
  non-Europeans

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Selection from Rudyard Kiplings The White Man's
Burden (1899)

• Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the
  best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo
  serve your captives' needTo wait in heavy
  harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your
  new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and
  half-child.

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Types of Imperialism

• Colonial imperialism - This form of imperialism
  is virtual complete takeover of an area, with
  domination in all areas economic, political, and
  socio-cultural.
• Economic imperialism - This form of imperialism
  allowed the area to operate as its own nation,
  but the imperialist nation almost completely
  controlled its trade and other business.

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Types of Imperialism (contd)

• Political imperialism - operated as the
  imperialist country told it to.
• Socio-cultural imperialism - The dominating
  country deliberately tried to change customs,
  religions and languages in some of the countries.

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Class Assignment

• Case Study
• U.S. Imperialism

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Draw the following Chart
Territory (year acquired) Type of Imperialism Used How and Why it Was Acquired
Alaska
Hawaii
Cuba
Philippines
Puerto Rico
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Becoming a World Power

• Annexation of Hawaii Alaska

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Annexation of Hawaii

• Hawaii was an important stop for U.S. merchants
  on the way to China and East India
• U.S. sugar plantations account for three-quarters
  of the islands wealth
• In 1875, a treaty allowed the sale of Hawaiian
  sugar in the U.S. without a duty.
• It gave the U.S. control of Hawaiis government.
• In 1887, the U.S. made Hawaii sign a treaty
  allowing the construction of Pearl Harbor naval
  base.

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• The Mc Kinley Tariff of 1890 provoked a crisis by
  eliminating duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar.
• American planters called for the annexation of
  Hawaii to avoid paying the duty.
• White business groups depose Hawaiis queen
• Americans establish a provisional government and
  the U.S. annexes Hawaii on August 12th, 1898

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Annexation of Alaska

• William Seward, a supporter of Lincoln, arranged
  for the U.S. to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2
  million.
• Alaska became a state in 1959
• It was rich in timber, minerals, and oil

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Spanish-American War

• The U.S. had long had an interest in Cuba because
  of its profitable sugar cane exports.
• In 1854, it was recommended that the U.S. buy
  Cuba from Spain and have it entered into the
  Union as a slave state.
• Later, events in Cuba would draw the U.S. into a
  war with Spain.

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• Cuba and Puerto Rico had a long history of
  political rebellions, that centered around
  gaining their independence from Spain.
• After the emancipation of Cuban slaves, Americans
  began investing in sugar cane plantations.
• Anti-Spanish sentiments in Cuba soon erupted, and
  guerrilla groups became destroying U.S. property
  hoping to provoke the U.S. to intervene.

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• However, the public opinion towards Cuba was
  split in the U.S.
• Spain soon responded by sending military generals
  over and building concentration camps for Cuban
  rebels.
• The Cuban writers and poets began using yellow
  journalism to implore U.S. sympathy.

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• In 1895, Spains brutal treatment of Cubans
  during a revolt outraged the American public.
• The publication of a Spanish diplomats letter
  criticizing President Mc Kinley and the explosion
  of the battleship Maine pushed congress to
  declare war in 1898.
• The U.S.S. Maine was sent to Cuba to protect
  American lives and property. An explosion in the
  ammunition room caused to the ship to blow up in
  flames and sink.

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• After the fall of Santiago, U.S. troops invaded
  Puerto Rico,
• The ensuing peace treaty granted Cuba its
  independence and gave the U.S. colonial
  possessions in both the Caribbean and the Pacific.

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Rough Riders

• Army regiment that included 17,000 African
  American.
• They were a volunteer cavalry under the command
  of Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt.
• The most famous battle they fought was the Battle
  of San Juan Hill
• This battle cleared the way for an infantry
  attack and later lead to the Spanish surrender

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Treaty of Paris Philippines

• The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice in 1898.
• On December 10th, 1898, the U.S. and Spain agreed
• Cuba would become independent
• Spain would give Puerto Rico Guam
• U.S. would pay Spain 20 million for Philippine
  Islands

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Ruling Puerto Rico

• U.S. gave Puerto Ricans no promises regarding
  independence after the Spanish-American War.
• Puerto Rico would remain under military control
  until Congress declared otherwise.
• Puerto Rico was important to the U.S. for two
  reasons
• maintaining a presence in the Caribbean
• To protect a future canal that American leaders
  wanted to build across the Isthmus of Panama

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• The Foraker Act of 1900 ended military rule and
  set up a civil government.
• The act also gave the president of the U.S. the
  power to appoint Puerto Ricos governor and
  members of the upper house of its legislature.
• In 1901, the Insular Cases found that
  Constitution did not automatically apply to
  people in acquired territories.
• Congress retained the right to extend U.S.
  citizenship, and granted that right to Puerto
  Rico in 1917.

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Platt Amendment

• The newly formed Cuban government wrote a
  constitution for an independent Cuba.
• The U.S. insisted that Cuba add the following
  provisions
• Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its
  independence
• U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba
• Cuba could not go into debt
• U.S. could buy or lease land for naval stations

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U.S. China

• The U.S. began to fear that China would be carved
  into colonies and American traders would be shut
  out.
• To protect U.S. interests, John Hay issued in
  1899, a series of policy statements called the
  Open Door notes.
• The notes were letter addressed to the leaders of
  imperialist nations proposing that the nations
  share their trading rights with the U.S., thus
  creating an open door.
• It meant no single nation would have a monopoly
  on trade in China.

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U.S. Foreign Policy Beliefs

1. The growth of the U.S. economy depended on
   exports.
2. U.S. had the right to intervene abroad to keep
   foreign markets open.
3. Closing of an area to American products,
   citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

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Boxer Rebellion

• Even though China kept its freedom, Europeans
  dominated Chinas large cities.
• As a result, China formed secret societies known
  as the Boxers.
• The Boxers killed hundreds of missionaries and
  other foreigners, as well as Chinese converts to
  Christianity. It became known as the Boxer
  Rebellion.
• The U.S. several other European countries
  marched to China in 1900 and put down the
  rebellion.

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Impact of U.S. Imperialism

• Under Mc Kinley, the U.S. gained an empire.
• An Anti-Imperialist League was developed and
  included Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie,
  Jane Addams.
• The league had different and conflicting reasons
  for opposing imperialism, but all agreed it was
  wrong for the U.S. to rule other people without
  their consent.

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Becoming a World Power

• Causes of WWI

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Militarism

• Every European power built up its military.
• This arms race caused a great deal of hatred and
  suspicion.
• To everyones surprise, Germany drafted every
  young man and built the worlds biggest army - it
  was high-tech, lean and mean.
• Germany built a powerful navy, complete with
  submarines.
• England, an island nation, always regarded itself
  as safe from attack.
• Now the Germans could challenge the British navy.
  
• Back then, a sub was called a U-boat.
• The Germans were the first to use subs, and the
  British hated them for it.
• The Industrial Revolution made World War I a
  horror show.
• The factories spewed out a nightmare of new
  weapons Machine guns, barbed wire, flame
  throwers, poison gas, the tank.
• Big Bertha, the worlds first long-range gun, was
  as tall as a smokestack.
• The Germans were the first to use poison gas on a
  major scale.
• The British invented the tank.

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Alliances

• These are agreements or promises to defend and
  help another country.
• As war approached, the European powers formed
  secret military alliances.
• If war did come, most people regarded it as
  inevitable.
• It would involve all the great powers of Europe.
• When war broke out, two countries did not go to
  war.
• Two chains went to war.
• Two chains (with anchors attached!) were thrown
  into the sea.
• Many countries were attached to each chain.
• Everybody drowned.
• This is why ten million died.

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Imperialism

• Imperialism is when you grab small nations in
  order to enlarge your empire.
• The European powers were in fierce competition
  for colonies.
• They all participated in a mad scramble for Asia
  and Africa.
• Since Asia and Africa were already carved up,
  they were in a mad scramble for control of
  Southeastern Europe -the Balkans.
• The fierce competition was both political (grab
  territory) and economic (grab raw materials and
  markets).
• Germany came late to the mad scramble.

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Nationalism

• Fierce nationalism spread like wildfire across
  Europe. The Europeans were fanatics
• They became extreme nationalists and lost all
  sense of common decency.
• They hated their rivals and this hatred led to
  war.
• Each government fanned the flames of hatred by
  spreading propaganda The British and French said
  the Germans were beasts. And vice versa.
• A small incident was magnified into a major
  issue.
• Diplomats could have defused the situation.
• Nobody tried diplomacy they all wanted war.

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Becoming a World Power

• WWI

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Allies vs. Central Powers

• Allies
• France
• Russia
• Great Britain
• Serbia
• U.S. (later)
• Italy (later)

• Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria
• Japan

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WWI Begins

• On June 28th, 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  (heir to the throne of A-H) and his wife Sophie
  were visiting the capital of Bosnia, when a
  member of Black Hand guerilla group shot and
  killed them both.
• Because the assassin was Serbian, Austria wanted
  to punish the country.
• Listening to advice of Kaiser Wilhelm, Austria
  was urged to issue an ultimatum to Serbia on July
  23rd, 1914.

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The Ultimatum

• The demands were to end all anti-Austrian
  activity and allow Austrian leaders to conduct an
  investigation of the assassinations.
• Serbian leaders agreed to most of the demand by
  A-H, but Austria was unwilling to negotiate on
  July 25th, 1914.
• On July 28th, 1914 Austria rejected Serbias
  offer and declared war. WWI had officially begun.

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The Introduction of Modern Warfare

• Machine guns
• Hand grenades
• Chemical warfare
• Submarine warfare
• The Germans perfected the use of submarines
  during the war.

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Trench Warfare

• In 1915, opposing armies on both sides dug miles
  of parallel trenches to protect themselves from
  enemy territory.
• Men slept, ate, and washed in mud.
• Life in the trenches was pure misery.
• Soldiers developed several diseases due to their
  daily lives in the trenches.

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Trench Foot
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Americas Reaction

• Most people identified with their old countries.
• Many opposed the Central Powers particularly
  Kaiser Wilhelm, the ruler of Germany.
• America remained neutral.

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American Isolationism

• President Woodrow Wilson did not want to involve
  the U.S. in part of the war, due the fact that we
  had ties with several countries involved.
• Another factor was that a third of the countrys
  population were either foreign or children of
  immigrants.

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America Joins the War

• There were 3 events that pulled the U.S. into
  WWI.
• First, Germans sunk the passenger ship
  Lusitania, which left 128 Americans dead.
• Wilson sent a protest to Germany, demanding that
  Germany refrain from attacking neutral and
  passenger ships.
• Germany attacks two more ships before they agreed
  to Wilsons demands.

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• The Sussex ( 03-24-1916) after sinking the
  Sussex, the Germans pledged to warn before
  sinking.
• This is known as the Sussex Pledge.
• February 1, 1917, Germans began unrestricted
  warfare again.
• Second, Germany did a blockade on Britain to
  prevent supplies from entering the country,
  hoping to starve their enemies. And then, they
  attacked 3 American ships, totally ignoring
  Wilsons warnings.
• Finally, Germany sent a telegram that became
  known as the Zimmerman Note.

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The Zimmermann Note

• The telegram sent by Germany was intercepted and
  interpreted and it stated that if Mexico agreed
  to enter the war on the side of the Central
  Powers, then Germany would help them reconquer
  the lands they lost to the U.S.
• So, on April 2, 1917, Wilson asks congress to
  declare war, and the U.S. officially enters WWI
  on the side of the Allies.

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America Enters WWI
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The Americans strengths and weaknesses

• 1. Strengths (S)
• The Americans were strong. This will help the
  Americans win.
• 2. Weaknesses (W)
• The Americans were weak. This will cause the
  Americans to lose.
• 3. Opportunity (O)
• The Germans were weak. This might help the
  Americans win.
• 4. Threat (T)
• The Germans were strong. This might make the
  Americans lose.

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1

• The U.S. entered the war late. Our troops were
  fresh and eager to win.

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2

• Germany had been fighting the war for three
  years. People were tired of the war.

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3

• Germany had been fighting a war on two fronts.
  For three years, the British
• French attacked them from the west and the
  Russians attacked them from the east.

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4

• The Russian Revolution took Russia out of the
  war. For the first time, Germany was
• fighting on only one front - the Western Front.

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5

• The Americans had never fought a war in Europe.

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6

• The Americans did not know the geography of
  Europe.

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• The Germans knew the geography of Europe.

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8

• The U.S. economy was booming. We had the to
  fight and win a war.

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• The German war economy was booming. They were
  short on .

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• Our allies - the British and French - were tired
  of the war.

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• The Americans had not fought trench warfare since
  the Civil War in 1865.

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• The Germans had 3 years of experience fighting
  trench warfare.

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• German generals had been conducting a successful
  war for 3 years.

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• Our generals were inexperienced. General
  Pershings experience consisted
• mainly of chasing Pancho Villa on the Mexican
  border.

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Becoming a World Power

• The War at Home

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1. Industry was booming

• The munitions industry
• Before we got into the war, the U.S. sold weapons
  to England and France.
• The War Industries Board (WIB)
• During the war, the U.S. Army suffered shortages
  of weapons and material.
• President Wilson appointed Bernard Baruch, a Wall
  Street whiz, to coordinate industrial production.
• For the first time, the U.S. government set
  production and prices in industry.

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2. The draft

• The Selective Service Act
• In early 1917, Congress passed the Selective
  Service Act. That is the draft.
• From then on, Uncle Sam drafted young men (21 and
  over) to serve in World War I.
• This law is still in force.
• Today, you must sign up on your 18th birthday.
• Today, we have an all-volunteer army.
• Congress, however, can restore the draft at any
  time.

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WWI Propaganda Examples
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3. Labor

• African American workers
• Since many men were drafted, there was a labor
  shortage.
• For the first time, African Americans were hired
  in large numbers in good-paying jobs.
• The Great Migration
• During World War I, African Americans left the
  rural South and moved to northern cities.
• The main reason? Good-paying jobs.
• The National War Labor Board
• During wartime, President Wilson did not want to
  have strikes.
• For the first time, the U.S. government served as
  a mediator between labor and management.

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African Americans in the U.S. Army

• Black soldiers fought in the Civil War,
  Spanish-American War, and World War I.
• In France, African American soldiers were treated
  without racial prejudice.
• For this reason, many intellectuals visited Paris
  during the 1920s.
• Segregation in the armed forces
• During World War I and World War II, army units
  were segregated.
• The Korean War (1950-1952) was the first war
  where army units were integrated.

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4. Patriotism

• Liberty bonds
• To finance the war, the U.S. government sold war
  bonds.
• Patriotic citizens bought them in effect,
  regular people financed the war.
• Sending food to Europe
• Herbert Hoover was appointed to help feed the
  starving people of war-torn Europe.
• Victory gardens
• There was no rationing during World War I.
• People voluntarily did without meat and bread.
• People grew gardens and raised their own veggies.

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WWI Propaganda Examples
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WWI Propaganda Examples
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5. Unpatriotic acts

• Dissent
• During wartime, free speech often goes out the
  window.
• Dissent is often mistaken for treason.
• During the war, Congress stifled dissent.
• Eugene V. Debs
• The No. 1 labor leader in America was sent to
  prison.
• He used his free speech and opposed World War I.
• The Espionage Act
• A person could be jailed for obstructing
  recruitment for the U.S. Army.
• The Sedition Act
• A person could be fined for showing disrespect to
  the American flag.

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The Sedition Act, 1918

• When the United States is at war, whoever shall
  willfully make or convey
• false reports or false statements with intent to
  interfere with the operation or success of the
  military or naval forces of the United States, or
  to promote the success of its enemies, or shall
  willfully make or convey false reports, or false
  statements, or incite insubordination,
  disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty, in the
  military or naval forces of the United States, or
  shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or
  enlistment service of the United States, or shall
  willfully utter, print, write, or publish any
  disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive
  language about the form of government of the
  United States, or the Constitution of the United
  States, or the military or naval
• forces of the United States, or shall willfully
  display the flag of any foreign enemy, or shall
  willfully urge, incite, or advocate any
  curtailment of production or advocate, teach,
  defend, or suggest the doing of any of the acts
  or things in this section enumerated and whoever
  shall by word or act support or favor the cause
  of any country with which the United States is at
  war or by word or act oppose the cause of the
  United States therein, shall be punished by a
  fine of not more than 10,000 or
• imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or
  both.

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Prohibited by Sedition Act of 1918

• 1. Interfere with military operations
• 2. Help the enemy (Germany)
• 3. Incite soldiers to be insubordinate, disloyal,
  or rise in mutiny
• 4. Stop the U.S. Army from recruiting men to be
  soldiers
• 5. Criticize the government
• 6. Publish newspaper articles (or pamphlets)
  critical of the government
• 7. Fly the enemys flag
• 8. Start a strike at a war-time factory
• 9. Speak in favor of the enemy
• 10. Publish newspaper articles (or pamphlets) in
  favor of the enemy.

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What is the punishment?

• 1. A fine up to 10,000
• 2. Up to 20 years in prison

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What principles of the U.S. Constitution are
violated?

• Your First Amendment rights, a.k.a. your civil
  liberties
• 1. Freedom of speech
• 2. Freedom of the press

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Becoming a World Power

• The Great Migration

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The Great Migration
Causes From 1900 onward, many African Americans
moved out of the rural South and into Northern
cities. Between 1916 and 1970, six million black
Southerners moved to cities in the North and West.

• Push Factors
• Life in the South was a nightmare
• Sharecropping, Jim Crow laws, the KKK and lynch
  mobs.

• Pull Factors
• The No. 1 reason During World War One, war-time
  jobs opened up.
• More opportunity Higher wages, better housing,
  better schools, and the right to vote.
• Northern cities offered libraries, museums,
  theaters, night school for adults.
• These opportunities were off-limits or
  unavailable in the South.

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Effects of Great Migration

• The first wave of the Great Migration began in
  1916, just before the U.S. entered World War I.
• Northern industries hired black workers for the
  first time. Why?
• When World War I began, government orders began
  and immigration came to a halt.

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• With no immigrants available to work, factory
  owners turned to African Americans in the South.
• Northern cities had race riots, racial
  discrimination, and residential segregation.
• But life in the North was definitely better than
  in the South.

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The National Urban League(Who helped the black
migrants?)

• 1. Black newspapers - they encouraged people to
  move out of the South and into the North.
• 2. Black churches helped migrants find jobs and
  housing.
• 3. The National Urban League was founded in 1910
  to help black migrants find jobs and housing.

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The Results

• Half in the North
• Before World War I, 90 of all African Americans
  lived in the South.
• By 1970, the majority of African Americans lived
  in the North.
• Black communities
• The Great Migration created the first large,
  urban black communities in the North.
• The cities with large black communities were New
  York City, Chicago, Detroit, and many others.

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Becoming a World Power

• Paris Peace Conference, Wilsons Peace Plan,
  Treaty of Versailles, and the Effects of WWI

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The Paris Peace Conference

• ENGLAND
• Lloyd George (Prime Minister)
• The British people wanted Germany punished.
• FRANCE
• Georges Clemenceau (Prime Minister)
• Germany must never invade France again.
• ITALY
• Vittorio Orlando (Premier Italy)
• wanted to be rewarded with territory.
• THE U.S.
• Woodrow Wilson (President)
• Retreated from his Fourteen Points.
• Cared about creating the League of Nations, and
  preventing future wars!

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Step 1

• Woodrow Wilson drew up the Fourteen Points.
• A list of principles to end the war and prevent
  future wars.
• Especially self-determination and the League of
  Nations.

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Wilsons Fourteen Points

• The Fourteen Points were created as a plan to
  establish peace.
• The first five points ended secret treaties,
  established freedom of the seas, free trade, and
  reduced the national armies and navies.
• The 6th-13th points laid out specific suggestion
  for changing borders and creating new nations
• The 14th point posed a general association of
  nations that agreed to protect small states
  alike.

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Step 2

• The actual peace treaty.
• England and France wrote the Versailles Treaty.
• For the most part, they ignored Wilson and his 14
  points.

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Treaty of Versailles

• 1. Open diplomacy There were to be no secret
  treaties like the ones that caused the First
  World War.
• 2. Freedom of navigation Seas should be free in
  peace and in war to ships of all nations
• 3. Freedom of trade The barriers to trade
  between countries should be removed.
• 4. Disarmament All countries should reduce their
  armed forces to the lowest possible levels

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Treaty of Versailles

• 5. Self-determination of nations The nations in
  Eastern Europe should be given their
  independence. Every nation has the right to
  self-government.
• 6. Germany must withdraw its troops from occupied
  lands German troops must give up all the
  territory it seized during the war.
• 7. Reparations The defeated nations should not
  be made to pay for the war and war damage.
• 8. The League of Nations A world organization
  should be formed to protect world peace in the
  future.

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The Treaty of Versailles

• The Treaty of Versailles basically stated that
  Germany was responsible for the war, and
  therefore they had to pay reparations to the
  Allies.
• The Treaty stated that Germany had to pay a war
  guilt clause or 33 billion dollars, which they
  had to pay of the course of 30 years.
• Because of Russias betrayal, they were not
  invited to become members of the League of
  Nations.

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Step 3

• The U.S. Senate acted disgracefully.
• It refused to sign the peace treaty.
• It refused to join the League of Nations!
• President Wilson was so upset, he had a stroke.
• He was paralyzed.

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The Effects of WWI for Europe

• The British and French humiliated Germany.
• 1. They punished Germany.
• 2. They made Germany pay for the war.
• 3. The Germans hated the British and French the
  Germans started planning for World War II.

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Casualties