Goat and Sheep Restraint and clinical procedures

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Goat and Sheep Restraint and clinical procedures

• Chapter 2, 14 and 15

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• There are two things to aim at in life first to
  get what you want, and after that to enjoy it.
  Only the wisest of mankind has achieved the
  second.Logan Pearsall Smith

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Objectives

• Restraint of sheep and goats
• Reproduction
• Nutrition
• Intravenous catheter, and monitor the catheter
  for complications.
• Explain the rationale and indications for each of
  the clinical procedures described.
• prepare the patient as needed for the procedure.

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Sheep restraint

• Sheep are timid animals.
• do not seem to enjoy being stroked or petted
• The usual response is to flee when frightened and
  they may cause serious injury to themselves in
  their effort to escape
• Sheep have extremely strong flocking instincts

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Key Points Sheep

• Individual sheep need to be separated from the
  flock
• Another common tendency to avoid is catching them
  by grabbing the wool
• Bruise/rip skin
• Grabbing by the horns (when present) must be done
  with care to avoid breaking them
• Note can get fractures by throwing them down

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Sheep Restraint
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• held by circling the neck with one arm and
  placing the other arm around the rump
• The rear end may also be controlled by placing an
  arm over the back to grasp the skin fold of the
  lower flank

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• Many procedures can be done
• by simply backing the sheep into a corner,
  straddling the animal between the handlers legs,
  and squeezing the sheep shoulders firmly between
  the legs.
• The head or neck can be controlled in this
  position

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• Procedures immobilizing the animal with a
  technique known as setting up -gt submissive
• examination of the hooves
• shearing
• vaccination require

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Setting
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• This method esentially sits the sheep down on its
  rump without contact the feet with the ground,
  the animal cannot struggle and basically becomes
  submissive to the handler

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Shepherds hook

• Hind limb only
• Hock and above

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Lamb restraint

• one hand under the body and between the forelimbs
  to support the sternum
• other hand around the neck

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• Castration and tail docking first to second week
  of life
• dorsal recumbency with its back in the handlers
  lap or against the handlers body.

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Goat restraining

• Goats are gregarious and seem to enjoy the
  company of other species of animals
• Goats form social hierarchy within a group and
  dominant males and females can be identify
• Goats may show aggression
• head-butting
• by raising the hair on the spine
• stamping the front feet
• sneezing/snorting noise
• Esp. bucks during breeding season

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Goat Restraint (contd)

• By the beard
• Horns can be held near the base
• Do not restrain by ears
• Lateral recumbency
• Collars

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• One hand is used to grasp the beard while other
  arm is placed around the neck to control the head

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Horns

• restrained near their base
• Goats resent being held by the ears
• owners consider ear restraining to be abusive

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Neck collars

• neck collars or chains
• Goats do not tolerate being set up like sheep

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• lap
• dehorning
• sternal recumbency folding its front legs
  beneath it and the handlers forearms are placed
  on the back and pressed down to keep the kid for
  rising

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Sheep and Goat

• Reproduction

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Sheep Goat
Type of estrous Seasonally polyestrous, short day breeders Breed dependent Varies by breed
Age of female puberty 6 to 9 months 3 months
Age of male - puberty 6 to 9 months 3 months
Time 1st breeding 12 to 19 months of age 7 to 18 months
Estrus cycle 13 to 19 days average 17 days 12 to 30 days average 22 days
Duration - estrus 18 to 48 hours average 30 hours 2 to 3 days
Time of ovulation hrs. 24 to 30 hours after the onset of estrus 24 to 30 hours after the onset of estrus
Optimal time of breeding 12 hours when in estrus Every 12 hours when in estrus
Gestation period - days 148 140 to 160 average 151
Birth weight lb. 7 - 12 1 - 3
Litter size 1 - 3 1 - 3
Weaning age 9 12 wks. 3 months
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Semen Collection

• Sheep
• Electroejaculation
• Standing or lateral
• Goats
• Manual
• Electroejaculation

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Artificial Insemination

• Vaginal
• Cervical
• Not very popular
• In ewe because
• tortuous cervix
• Light source and
• Vaginal speculum
• Laparoscopic

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Claire M. Kershaw, Muhammad Khalid, Michael R.
McGowan, Kate Ingram, Sukanya Leethongdee,
Gabriele Wax, Rex J. ScaramuzziThe anatomy of
the sheep cervix and its influence on the
transcervical passage of an inseminating pipette
into the uterine lumenTheriogenology, Volume 64,
Issue 5, 15 September 2005, Pages 12251235
Fig. 2. The classification of cervical grade in
the ewe (a) grade 1, (b) grade 2, and (c) grade
3. Arrows illustrate the direction and maximum
depth of penetration.
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Embryo Transfer

• Surgical flushing
• Can be done 5 to 6 days after estrus
• Two embryos per recipient female
• Not as popular as in cattle

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Polled Intersex

• Goats infertility and polled gene linked
• HH polled
• 35 infertility in males
• Females pseudo hermaphrodites
• Hh polled (H is dominant)
• Normal
• hh horned
• Normal

Small, hard hypoplastic testicles Homozygous
polled
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Preparation - Parturition

• Preparation
• 3-4 weeks before lambing
• Crutching shearing wool udder and mammary
  glands
• Facing shearing wool around eyes
• Goats hide their kids hence construct small
  boxes
• Vaccination and deworming Clostridium diseases
  (vaccines)
• Vaccine Type CD - T toxoid vaccinate ewes 1
  month before lambing and 6, 10 wks lambs
• Enterotoxemia (Type D) (Overeating Disease/ pulpy
  kidney disease) - Clostridium perfringins type D
• Hemorrhagic enteritis, bloody scours -
  Clostridium perfringins type C
• Tetanus - Clostridium tetani vaccinate ewes 1
  month before lambing/ tx with antitoxin during
  castration and tail docking

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Crutched eweImage by Kelly Cole
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Clinical Signs of Impending Parturition

• Ewes are moved to jugs lambing pens
• Swelling of the vulva
• Mucoid vulvar discharge
• Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments
• Enlargement of the udder

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Parturition

• Stage 1
• Ewes 1 to 4 hours
• Does up to 12 hours
• Restless
• Separation from herd in sheep
• Nesting in goats
• Stage 2
• 1 to 2 hours
• Minutes to hours between neonates
• Assistance needed if contractions without fetus
  in 30 minutes to 1 hour
• Stage 3
• 2 to 6 hours
• Assistance after 12 hours

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Dystocia

• Common in sheep
• Uncommon in goats
• Mutation via traction
• Fetotomy
• C-section

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Neonatal Care

• Oxygenation/pulse assessment
• 20 breaths/ min and resuscitate
• in 20-30 sec.
• 90 150 bpm.
• Temperature regulation
• prone to hypothermia first
• 36 hours of life
• Heat lamps
• Warm if less than 100 degree F
• Care of the umbilical cord and umbilicus
• Chlorhexidine/ iodine

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Neonatal Care

• Nutrition (nursing)
• Stand in 10 15 min
• Nurse by 1 2 hr. after birth
• Bonding of doe/ewe with kid/lamb
• 6-12 hr.
• Passage of meconium in 24 hr.
• Adequacy of passive transfer of
• Antibodies
• 10 15 body weight in colostrum in 24 hr.
• Physical examination of the calf

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Neonatal Care

• Sick Neonate weakness, depression
• Starvation
• Less calories, hypothermia, prenatal or postnatal
  infections
• Feeding bottle or tube feeding 8 french red
  urethral tube or 14F 18F infant feeding tube
  with 60 ml catheter tip, ororumen tubes
• Diarrhea
• Escheria coli, Clostridium perfringes type C
• Hypothermia lt 100 F
• Hypoglycemia electrolytes and glucose, SQ fluids

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Sheep and Goat Dentition
Deciduous Permanent
Sheep 2(I 0/3 C 0/1 PM 3/3) 20 2(I 0/3 C 0/1 PM 3/3 M3/3) 32
Goat 2(I 0/3 C 0/1 PM 3/3) 20 2(I 0/3 C 0/1 PM 3/3 M3/3) 32
Know table 14 5 Eruptions
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Nutrition

• Water ab libitum
• Adults 1 1.5 gallons/day
• Young 0.5 gallons/day
• Pregnancy
• Extra feed before lambing 0.5-1.0 lb (per fetus)
  grain/day and high quality hay
• Lactating
• High quality hay and grain
• Lambs and kids
• Creep feeding introduce young lambs to solids
  (sweet feed) 2 wks. Age

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Nutrition - Minerals

• 10 g salt/day Ca (high quality roughage) needed
  for Zn
• Limestone in diet
• Phosphorous soil
• Deficiency lactating animal milk production
  decreases, bones fragile, inappetance young
  slow growth and poor appetite
• Iodine, cobalt
• Deficiency anemia, inappetance, retarded growth,
  rough hair growth
• sheep 5mg/kg copper
• Deficiency anemia, brittle/ fragile bones, loss
  of wool/ pigment
• Toxicity acute - hemorrhagic diarrhea, chronic
  liver/kidney failure
• Selenium
• Deficiency muscular dystrophy, white muscle
  disease lambs, periodontal disease molars
• Toxicity loss of appetite, loss of hair,
  sloughing hooves and death
• Zinc needed for healthy testes
• Deficiency wool slipping, swelling and lesions
  eye and hoof, ptyalism, anorexia, wool eating,
  listless, anorexia, repro problems and low
  production

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Body Condition Score
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Key Terms Chapter 15

• Balling gun
• Cystocentesis
• Gluteal muscles
• Hoof knives
• Intramammary infusion
• Lateral cervical muscles
• Sigmoid flexture
• Trimming shears
• Urethral diverticulum

• KNOW table 15-1 and 15-2 CBC
• Know 15-3 and 15-4 chemscreen

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Weighting a goat
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Ovine Venipuncture

• Jugular vein (most common)
• Performed while the sheep is set or standing
• Cephalic
• Performed while the sheep is set
• Femoral
• Performed in lateral recumbency

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Ovine Venipuncture (contd)

• Procedure
• Wool is parted
• Alcohol applied
• Firm occlusion of the vein
• Needle sizes
• 18-, 19-, 20-, or 22-gauge 1 to 1 1/2 -inch

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One person restrains the sheep by straddling the
shoulders and holding the head, while the other
person obtains a jugular vein sample.
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Ovine Venipuncture (contd)
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Caprine Venipuncture

• Jugular
• Cephalic
• Femoral
• Procedure
• Alcohol
• Occlude
• A18-, 19-, 20-, or 22-gauge 1- to 1 1/2-in
  needle
• A 20-gauge needle is preferred
• Apply pressure

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Young animals may be restrained standing
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Abdominocentesis

• Same as cattle procedure
• Except you should use 1- to 1 1/2-in needle

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Rumen Fluid Collection

• Same as cattle
• Except you should use a 16- or 18-gauge needle

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Urine Collection

• Sheep
• Holding the nostrils and mouth shut for up to 45
  seconds
• Goats
• After lateral recumbency
• Placed in a new stall or pen area
• Male goats
• During breeding season
• Cystocentesis
• Possible but rarely used

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Urine Collection (contd)

• Bladder catheterization
• Female
• Vaginal speculum
• Light source
• Adults use a no. 10- to 12-French catheter
• Male
• Difficult due to the sigmoid flexure urethra and
  penis

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Oral Medication

• Balling gun
• Orogastric intubation

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Sheep and Goat Injections

• Intramuscular
• Alcohol
• Adult needle size 18- to 20-gauge 1 inch
• Lamb needle size 20- to 22-gauge 1 inch
• Never give more than 5 ml per site

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Sheep and Goat Injections (contd)

• Gluteals
• Due to thin muscles, it should be avoided.
• Lateral cervical muscles
• Most common 1 inch needle
• Avoided in show goats due to possible abscess
• Abscess can look like caseous lymphadenitis
• Longissimus muscle
• Devalue the hide due to scarring and other
  blemishes
• Used in show goats

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Sheep and Goat Injections (contd)
Lateral cervical muscles
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Injections

• Shot Site Locations SQ isgiven behind or in
  front of the front legs, IM in side of the neck.
• Semitendinosus/semimembranosus muscle. The
  sciatic nerve , which lies on the sciatic grove ,
  must be avoided
• Do not inject more than 5 ml per IM injection
  site

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Sheep Injections

• Sore-mouth injections are different for standard
  vaccine injection
• Sore-mouth vaccination of a lamb
• woolless area on the animal is scarified, and the
  re-hydrated vaccine is applied to the spot with a
  brush or similar applicator. Ewes can be
  vaccinated inside the ear or under the tail.
  Lambs can be vaccinated inside the thigh
• Sore-mouth vaccine applicator

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Sheep and Goat Injections

• Subcutaneous
• A 18- to 22-gauge needle
• Up to 50 ml
• Sheep may be set up for easy access to the axilla
  and flank fold

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IV Catheter

• A 14- to 18-gauge needle
• Small individuals may use catheters that are 2 to
  3 inches in length

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Intramammary Infusion

• A small 1/8-inch infusion tip
• Sterile tomcat catheters may also be used for
  goats with small teat orifices

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Hoof Trimming

• Equipment
• Hoof knives
• Trimming shears
• Procedure
• Sheep are set goats are standing
• Trim every 4 weeks 6 months 

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Hoof Trimming (contd)
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References

• http//www.ramsem.com/embryolocal.html
• http//www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/U/UNP-0110/UNP-0110.
  html
• http//www.sheep101.info/201/shearing.html
• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical
  Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd
  Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN 97803223077323