Title: Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition
1Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition
2The story of Psychology
- Task 1
- Note taking
- All notes must be taken in one of the following
formats Cornell notes format, 2 column, or
outline - All notes must be kept in binder.
3Psychologys Roots
- Prescientific Psychology
- Is the mind connected to the body or distinct?
Ancient Greeks speculated about the source of
human knowledge, the nature of the mind and soul,
the relationship of mind to body, and the
possibility of scientifically studying these
things. - Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate
filled by experience?
4Empiricism
- knowledge comes from experience via the senses
- science flourishes through observation and
experiment
5Wilhelm Wundt
- Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology
laboratory at the University of Leipzig (c.
1879). - Wundt believed Psychology should study
consciousness and focused on structuralism, the
structure of the human mind.
6Structuralism
- Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to
explore the elemental structure of the human mind
7Functionalism
- Functionalism focused on how behavioral processes
function- how they enable organism to adapt,
survive, and flourish - William James suggested considering the function
of thoughts and feelings rather than the
structure. For example, smelling is what the
nose does and smelling developed because it is
adaptive.
8Early Psychologists
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Discovered the
unconscious mind and developed Psychodynamic
theory, a theory of development and a theory of
personality. - John B. Watson Felt the study of consciousness
or the unconscious mind was a waste of time and
that psychology should only study overt behavior.
B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning and
the functional analysis of behavior.
9Psychologys Roots
- British Psychological Society membership
10Psychology is currently defined as
- A. the study of individual experience.
- B. the scientific study of behavior and mental
processes. - C. the study of mental life.
- D. the scientific study of observable behavior.
11Contemporary Psychology
- Psychology
- the science of behavior (what we do) and mental
processes (sensations, perceptions, dreams,
thoughts, beliefs, and feelings)
12Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature-Nurture Controversy
- the longstanding controversy over the relative
contributions that genes and experience make to
development of psychological traits and behaviors
13Human Diversity and Psychology
- Women hold 44 Psychological doctorate degrees,
and earn 67 of new doctorates each year. - Sociocultural variables such as social identity,
ethnicity, gender, social class and culture are
considered important in the study of psychology
and the treatment of individuals. - Individualist vs. Collectivist Cultures
- Gilbert Haven Jones African American who
received his Ph.D. in psych. In Germany 1909 - J. Henry Alston Engaged in research on
perception of heat and cold and was the first
African American psychologist to be published in
a major psych journal (1920). - Mary Whiton Calkins Refused a degree from
Radcliffe (Harvards University for women) when
she graduated Harvard with a doctoral degree in
the late 1800s. First female President of the
APA in 1905. - Margaret Washburn Left Columbia University
because of discrimination and became the first
woman to earn a doctorate in Psycholgy from
Cornell.
14Psychological Perspectives
15John B. Watson is most likely to say
- A. A person needs unconditional love and
acceptance in order to reach her true potential. - B. A persons behavior reflects unconscious
conflicts and emotions that result from early
childhood experiences. - C. Emotional responses reflect biological
processes such as hormones and brain chemistry. - D. Science must be rooted in observation of
behavior, rather than introspective processes.
16Subfields of psychology
- There are three categories of jobs in Psychology
- Applied Use principles of psychology to improve
schools, organizations and industry. - Therapeutic Meet with clients to help improve
psychological functioning - Research/Experimental Conduct research on any
topic in psychology. - Pure research for its own sake
- Applied research intended to address a specific
problem
17Applied subfields of Psychology
- Community work to obtain services for
underserved client groups and prevent
psychological problems by working for changes in
social systems. - Industrial-Organizational Help improve the
performance of people in business and
organizations. - Sports Help improve the performance of people
in sports. - Educational Develop programs to improve
learning for entire schools or school systems. - Engineering (Human factors) Make technical
systems more user-friendly - Health Use behavioral principles to improve
health - Forensic Work with the criminal justice system
- Consumer Study the behavior of shoppers
18Therapeutic Subfields of Psychology
- Clinical Ph.D. Treat people with
psychological disorders - Counseling MA or Ph.D. Treat people with
adjustment problems and relationship issues. - Psychiatric MD Can prescribe medication.
Treat people with psychological disorders - School Work with individual children to improve
learning.
19Experimental Subfields of Psychology
- Research can be conducted on any topic in
psychology. Examples include - Cognitive thinking and mental processes
- Biological physiological, neuroscientists
- Personality
- Developmental
- Quantitative Develop statistical methods for
analyzing psychological data - Social Study the behavior of people in social
situations
20Dr. Frye conducts research investigations on
memory, with the intent of contributing to what
is known about human memory processes. Dr. Frye
conducts
- A. professional service.
- B. applied research.
- C. basic research.
- D. psychiatry.
21Tips for Studying Psychology
- SQ3R
- survey - Take a look at the module before you
begin to study it. Notice how it is organized. - question -Form a question that you will answer by
studying the module or section of the book. - read -Search for the answer to your question.Â
Don't read more than you can absorb in a single
sitting. - rehearse - in your own words, what you have
read. - review -re-read your notes and review the module
or section.
22How To Succeed in Mrs. Rayfields Class
- ATTEND CLASS EVERY DAY!
- Learn to think critically Think while you learn
by analyzing and questioning what you are being
asked to believe. - In class, listen actively - Do the
reading  -BEFORE you come to class. PRINT OUT
THE NOTES AND USE THEM AS A GUIDE WHILE YOU
READ. Rely on the notes during lecture so you
can actively participate in class. - Overlearn Most people over-estimate their
learning. - Distribute your time (Don't wait until the night
before a test to begin studying) - Be a smart test-taker Dont use too much time
on one question. RELAX remember that a single
test is unlikely to make or break your grade.