U.S. Imperialism

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U.S. Imperialism

• Chapter 27

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Objective 1

• Explain why the United States abandoned its
  isolationism and turned outward at the end of the
  nineteenth century.

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Objective 2

• Describe the causes of the Spanish-American War.

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Objective 3

• Explain the results of the Spanish-American War,
  including the conquest of Puerto Rico and the
  Philippines.

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Objective 4

• Explain the arguments in the debate about
  imperialism.

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Objective 5

• Analyze the causes and consequences of the
  Filipino rebellion against the United States.

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U.S. Foreign Policy

• Monroe Doctrine
• Many Spanish colonies revolting
• U.S. warning Europe to stay out
• Encouraged revolting countries to adopt American
  democratic model
• Isolationism toward Europe

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But, toward everyone else..

• Very involved
• Indian affairs
• Spanish colonies
• Mexico
• Manifest Destiny expanding toward into the
  Pacific and Latin America

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Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
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Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan 1853

• Trade will also expand to China and Korea.
• U.S. will send expeditions to Caribbean

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Sewards Folly 1867
7.2 million
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5 Ps of Expansion

• Profit
• Industrialization meant need for more resources
  and markets
• Must expand to compete with Europe
• Large amounts of raw materials in Caribbean,
  Pacific, Latin America
• Depression of 1893 meant less domestic
  consumption--need foreign markets

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Commercial/Business Interests (Profit)
U. S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
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Commercial/Business Interests (Profit)
American Foreign Trade1870-1914
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5 Ps of Expansion

• Patriotism
• Expansion to assert American power
• Continue Manifest Destiny

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5 Ps of Expansion

• 3. Protection
• Add to economic and political empire you become
  powerful.
• Less likely to be attacked.
• Military strategy
• Alfred Thayer Mahan

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

• Wrote The Influence of Seapower Upon History
• Strong navy key to world dominance and control of
  sea
• Influential work that saw U.S. build up its navy

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4. Piety
American Missionariesin China, 1905
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5 Ps of Expansion

• 5. Politics
• Politicians must listen to businesses
• Businesses want to expand
• Businesses giving millions to campaigns
• Expansion allows U.S. to escape divisive (and
  boring) domestic issues
• Foreign involvement influenced by yellow
  journalists

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Opponents to Expansion

• Argued expansion violated U.S. idea of
  self-determination
• Brown-skinned were inferior and could not be
  assimilated
• Avoid foreign entanglements
• Washingtons Farewell Address
• Would require increased spending to build up and
  maintain strong navy

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Big Sister Policy

• Advocated by former Sec. of State James Blaine
• U.S. should lead and protect Latin American
  nations
• Would open up markets
• 1889 first Pan-American Conference
• Near war with Germany over Samoan Islands
• Near war with Chile, Italy

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Panama Canal

• Rutherford B. Hayes began negotiations for
  building of canal in
• Would benefit shipping and navy
• Help US and Latin America economically and
  militarily

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U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
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U.S.-Hawaii Relations

• Agreements in 1870s and 1880s in areas of sugar
  trade, use of ports, naval bases
• U.S. controlled Pearl Harbor by 1887
• Increased push to annex in 1890 (same year as
  McKinley Tariff)
• Native Hawaiians resented U.S.
• U.S. viewed Hawaiian opponents with disdain and
  racism

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Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians! Tore up trade
agreements sugar planters had with U.S.
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U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

• Jan. 1893 Americanbusinessmen and sugar
  planters backed an uprising against Queen
  Liliuokalani.
• Coup worked and Queen removed.
• Grover Cleveland removed troops upon taking
  office in March, 93,believing coup to be illegal
  and attempted to restore Queen.
• Senate, however, exonerated military in coup and
  Queen not put in place
• Fearing continued interference from Cleveland,
  pro-expansionists write constitution for Hawaii
• Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of
  Hawaii in 1894.

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To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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U.S.-Britain Confrontation (1895)

• Britain and Venezuela arguing over boundary
  between Venezuela and British Guiana
• Sec. of State Richard Olney invokes Monroe
  Doctrine

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Olney Note

• Olney states Britain must accept U.S. arbitration
• Britain orders, U.S. threatens war
• Congress drew boundary and Britain ended up
  accepting arbitration to focus on other threats
  in Europe
• The Great Rapprochement

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Spanish-American War

• Cuba revolts against Spain in 1895
• U.S. had profitable sugar trade with Cuba 100
  million/yr.
• Sugar planters wanted to be annexed by U.S.
  (would also allow them to get around Tariff of
  1894)
• Sugar planters burn crops to get U.S. attention
  and protest Spain
• Spain sends in troops to stop revolt

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U.S. Reaction

• Spain captures Cuban revolters and sends them to
  reconcentration camps
• Yellow journalists stir up U.S. sentiment of
  protectorate of the weak

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Yellow Journalism Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish
the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
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Spanish Misrule in Cuba
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De Lôme Letter

• Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
  abidder for the admirationof the crowd,
  besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to
  leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on
  good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

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Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
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Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
  administration.
• Imperialist and American nationalist.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
  backbone of a chocolate éclair!
• Later, resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

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War Declared in 1898

• Yellow journalists continue to add fuel
• President McKinley demands Spain give Cuba
  independence
• Congress declares war
• Teller Amendment U.S. promised not to annex
  Cuba, must overthrow the unjust Spanish

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The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
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The Rough Riders

• 385 men killed by Spain
• 5000 by disease
• Increases U.S. imperialist tendencies under
  McKinley and T. Roosevelt

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Dewey Captures Manila!
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The Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
• Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
• The U. S. paid Spain20 mil. for
  thePhilippines.
• The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1900 - Foraker Act.
• PR became an unincorporated territory.
• Citizens of PR, not of the US.
• Import duties on PR goods
• 1901-1903 ? the Insular Cases.
• Constitutional rights were not automatically
  extended to territorial possessions.
• Congress had the power to decide these rights.
• Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were
  legal!

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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1917 Jones Act.
• Gave full territorial status to PR.
• Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the
  US.
• PRs elected theirown legislators governor to
  enforcelocal laws.
• PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.
• A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to
  vote for PR in the House.

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Cuban Independence?

• Teller Amendment (1898)Platt Amendment
  (1903)
• Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
  foreign powers that would endanger its
  independence.
• The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
  govt.
• Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
  naval and coaling station.
• Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Senator Orville Platt
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The American Anti-Imperialist
League

• Founded in 1899.
• Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and
  WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
• Campaigned against the annexation of
  thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

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The Imperialist Taylor
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Is He To Be a Despot?
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Filipino-American War (1899)

• Filipinos upset they were not treated the same
  way as Cubans
• U.S. felt it was protecting Philippines from
  anarchy, foreign take-over, etc.
• War to stop Emilio Aguinaldo and revolutionaries
• Philippines remains U.S. property until 1946

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William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the
Philippines
Great administrator.
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Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
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U.S. Seeks Market in China

• China, because of past treatment, was suspicious
  of U.S.
• U.S. needs market for new territories of Hawaii,
  Philippines and Samoa
• Other nations (Russia, Japan, etc.) also covet
  China

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The Open Door Policy

• Secretary John Hay.
• Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
• Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by
  any one foreign power.

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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Traditionalists want U.S. out
• Killed thousands of Chinese Christians
• Boxers defeated by Chinese, Philippine, and
  American army

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Some Results of Expansion

• U.S. acquired a number of territories
• U.S. grows as an industrial and worldwide
  military power
• Rallied most Americans to support government
• Increased power of federal government