LOCOMOTION

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LOCOMOTION REGULATION
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Locomotion

• Locomotion is the ability of an organism to move
  from one place to another.
• Why would organisms carry out locomotion?
• Motile capable of locomotion
• Sessile organisms NOT capable of locomotion

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Locomotive System

• The locomotive system consists of a skeletal
  system, muscular system and a nervous system.

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Human Skeletal System
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Skeletal System

• Humans have 206 bones
• Babies have MORE
• Bones are made of calcium and phosphorus
• Bones support and protect body structures
• Can be endoskeletal OR exoskeletal
• Osteoporosis is loss of bone mass due to lack of
  calcium

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Cartilage

• Found between bones
• Acts as a cushion between bones
• A developing embryo has cartilage instead of bone
• Gives ears and nose their shape
• Arthritis is deteriorating cartilage

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Muscles

• Humans have over 300 muscles
• Muscles work by contracting (shortening) or by
  relaxing
• Muscles are found as opposing pairs
• Flexors-contract (ex. Bicep)
• Extensors-relax/expand (ex. Tricep)

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Flexor and Extensor
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Types of Muscle

• There are three types of muscle cells
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

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Skeletal Muscle

• Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle
• Found surrounding bones
• Looks striped
• Controls voluntary movements

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Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle

• Cardiac muscle is found in the heart
• Cardiac muscles are involuntary, but look like
  striated muscle

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Smooth Muscle

• Smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle
• Found in the walls of internal organs
• Control involuntary movements
• Ex. Stomach, Small intestine, arteries, lymph
  vessels, etc

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Connective Tissue

• There are three kinds of connective tissues that
  connect bones and muscles together.
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Joints

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Ligaments

• Ligaments
• Connect bone to bone
• Think L for Ligament
• A sprain is an over stretched ligament

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Tendons

• Connects muscles to bones
• Tendonitis is an inflammation of a tendon

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Joints

• Where two bones meet
• 3 kinds of joints
• Immovable (fixed)
• Hinge
• Ball and socket
• Gliding
• Pivot

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Joints

• Immovable
• No movement
• Found in cranium/skull

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Joints

• Hinge
• Movement back and forth
• Found in elbow and knee

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Joints

• Ball and socket
• Movement in all directions
• Found in shoulder and hip

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Joints

• Gliding
• Limited movement in all directions
• Found in wrist and ankle

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Joints

• Pivot
• Limited rotation
• Found in the neck

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Skeletal Structures

• Exoskeleton
• Protective covering outside the body
• Provides a surface for muscular attachment
• Made of chitin
• Can be thin and light (insects) or thick and
  heavy (lobster)
• Molting is losing exoskeleton to allow for body
  growth

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Exoskeleton
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Protist

• Amoeba
• Paramecium
• Euglena
• Whip-like tail called a

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Hydra

• They are SESSILE, but fibers allow a
  somersault-type movement (like a slinky)

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Earthworm

• Earthworms have setae (little bristles) that
  stick into the ground like anchors to allow
  locomotion, segment by segment
• Muscles are attached to each pair of setae

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Setae
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Grasshopper

• Have jointed appendages
• Have wings
• Have muscles inside the exoskeleton

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• What makes your muscles move?
• What organs allow you to respond to your
  environment?

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Regulation

• Define regulation.
• What part of your body carries out regulation?

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The Nervous System

• Consists of
• CNS
• Central Nervous System
• Brain and Spinal cord
• PNS
• Peripheral Nervous System
• All nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

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C.N.S.
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P.N.S.
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The Nervous System

• Parts of a nervous system
• Brain
• Nerve Cells called Neurons

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Brain
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Brain
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Brain

• Made up of 2 halves
• Weighs about 3 pounds
• Protected by _________________
• Made up of neurons

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Brain

• Made up of 3 parts
• 1. Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex
• Controls thinking, memory, reasoning,
  imagination, personality, site of consciousness
• Interprets what your 5 senses detect

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Brain

• 2. Cerebellum
• Controls voluntary movements (motor activities)
• Controls balance and coordination

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Brain

• 3. Medulla
• Controls involuntary activities
• Such as breathing, digestion, heartbeat, hormone
  production, etc
• Called brain stem and connects to the spinal cord

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Neuron

• A neuron is a nerve cell
• They send and receive chemical and electrical
  messages, called impulses.

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Neuron
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Parts of a neuron

• Dendrites
• Receive impulses
• Cyton
• Cell body-contains nucleus
• Axon
• Carries impulses away from cyton
• Myelin
• Fatty covering on the axon that increases speed
  of electrical impulse
• Terminal Branches
• End point of a neuron that sends messages to
  dendrites of next neuron

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Synapse

• The synapse is the gap between two neurons.

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Close-up of synapse

• Neurotransmitters-chemicals secreted into synapse

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Close-up of a synapse
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Stimulants and Depressants

• Drugs can affect how the neurotransmitters pass
  their message
• Stimulants __________ speed of message
  transmission.
• Depressants _________ speed of message
  transmission.

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Reflex Arc

• A reflex is a response to a stimulus.
• Ex. Knee jerk, hand on a hot stove
• A reflex involves the spinal cord but NOT the
  brain.

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Reflex Arc
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Reflex Arc

• Drawing

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Disorders of the Nervous System

• Meningitis
• Swelling of the membranes that surround the brain
• Polio
• Virus that inflames spinal cord tissue
• Cerebral Palsy
• Disorder of central nervous system
• Can be congenital (exists before birth) or caused
  during birth
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Problem with impulse transmission due to
  inflammation of myelin sheath.

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Endocrine System

• System of ductless glands that secrete hormones.
• Hormones are chemical messengers that are
  released directly into blood stream.
• Hormones are sent DIRECTLY to a target tissue

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Testes and Ovaries

• Ovaries make _______________ _________________
• Testes make ________________
• These hormones stimulate secondary sexual
  characteristics

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Adrenal Glands

• Located on top of kidneys
• Produces hormone called adrenaline

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Pancreas

• The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and also
  the hormones called glucagon and insulin.
• The part of the pancreas that produces hormones
  is called the Islets of Langerhans
• Glucagon and insulin control blood sugar

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Thyroid Gland

• Located in neck
• Thyroid controls metabolism
• Thyroid produces thyroxin (hormone)
• Goiter is enlarged thyroid gland

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Goiter
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Parathyroid

• Located in neck
• Smaller than thyroid
• Produces parathormone which controls calcium
  balance

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Pituitary Gland

• The master gland (controls all other glands)

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Pituitary Gland

• Produces stimulating hormones that cause glands
  to secrete their hormones.
• Ex.
• TSH thyroid stimulating hormone

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Pituitary Gland

• Also produces growth hormone (GH)
• Gigantisism and Dwarfism comes from growth
  hormone problems

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Hypothalmus

• Produces RFs (releasing factors), which help
  stimulate hormone production

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Representative Organisms