The Rise of Totalitarianism

1
The Rise of Totalitarianism

Benito Mussolini
Adolf Hitler
Francisco Franco
Hideki Tojo
Joseph Stalin
2
Totalitarianism vs. Authoritarianism

• 'Authoritarian' refers to the structure of
  government rather than to society.
• Totalitarian regimes seek to control virtually
  all aspects of the social life.
• Including economy, education, art, science,
  private life and morals of citizens.

3
Rise of Totalitarianism

• Totalitarianism can be traced back to the Great
  War.
• Attrition made required total effort
• War required all institutions individuals to
  subordinate their interests to victory
• Russia (1917), Italy (1922), Germany (1933),
  Spain (1939), Japan (1926)

4
Russia

• Vladimir Lenin emergence of USSR
• After the Revolution in 1917 the Bolsheviks
  Lenin had solidified control by 1923.
• Lenin died in 1924 ?Joseph Stalin rose to power
  in Soviet Russia
• Stalin pursued the policy of subordinating the
  individual to the party.

5
Stalinism

• Stalinism- Stalins style for the Soviet
  government
• Stalin
• Rejected dissent
• Stalin sole interpreter
• World wide Communist revolution post-poned
• Economic Changes
• Rapid Industrialization (Five Year Plans)
• Collectivization of Agriculture
• Effective BUT
• Purges
• Millions killed
• Guilty executed or sent to Gulag

6
Italy WWI

• WWI leaves Italy with many problems
• Heavy debts
• Did not receive the land promised by France
  G.B.
• Rising unemployment led to unrest, particularly
  in cities.

7
March on Rome

• March on Rome October, 1922
• Coup d'état ? Mussolini's National Fascist Party
  rise to power in Italy
• Ousted Prime Minister
• King Victor Emmanuel III handed power to
  Mussolini.
• Mussolini widely supported by military, business,
  liberal right-wing.
• Mussolini quickly moved to establish dictatorship

8
Fascism

• Fascism is a combination of many ideas
• Corporatism Power exercised through large
  organizations (businesses, trade unions) working
  with each other, directed by the state
• Syndicalism bringing industry govt under
  control of labor unions
• Nationalism, Expansionism, Social Progress,
  Anti-Communism in combination with censorship
  state propaganda
• Ideas of racial superiority

9
Nationalism, Race Fascism

• Struggle of nation race fundamental in society
• Communists emphasized class struggle
• Nations bind people by their ancestry
• Nations are natural good
• Fascism sought to solve economic, political, and
  social problems via national rebirth
• Celebrates the nation race above all else,
• Cults of unity, strength and purity.

10
Communism Fascism

1. Struggle between nations races
2. Nations are natural thus national pride is
   emphasized
3. National viewpoint
4. Govt has some control over industry

1. History class struggle
2. Nations are arbitrary ? class should unite the
   world
3. Global viewpoint
4. Govt runs industry

11
Germany Weimar Republic

• A parliamentary republic established in 1919.
• Faced numerous problems
• Hyperinflation
• Political extremists
• War Reparations
• Collapsed in the early 1930s

12
Adolf Hitler

• Austrian-born German
• Decorated WWI veteran
• Leader of the National Socilaist German Workers
  Party (NSDAP) better known as the Nazi Party

13
Hitler

• By 1921 Hitler Oratory ability
• Nazi Party Centered in Munich
• German nationalist movement
• S.A. (Sturmabteilung)
• Stormtroopers/brown shirts
• Paramilitary organization
• S.S. (Schutzstaffel)
• Stormtroopers loyal to Hitler
• Gestapo official secret police of Nazi Germany

14
Beer Hall PutschNovember, 1923

• Failed Coup attempt
• Hitler wanted to emulate the March on Rome
• November 8th Declares a new government in a Beer
  Hall
• November 9th The March Begins
• To Bavarian War Ministry
• Clash with police and march destroyed

15
Arrest, Trial, Prison

• Hitler arrested for High Treason
• Trial
• Uses trial as a platform
• Gains noteriety popularity
• April 1924 Sentenced to 5 years
• Served less than one year
• Mein Kampf My Struggle
• Part Autobiography part political rant
• Helps spread his ideas.

16
Strategy of Legality

• Hitler changed his strategy to come to power.
• The Strategy of Legality
• adhere to the rules of Weimar
• Use the institutions of Weimar Republic to
  destroy it/come to power

17
Depression, Election

• By 1930 the Depression strikes Germany
• President Paul von Hindenburg ran for re-election
  in 1932
• The only one who could defeat Hitler
• Wins election
• Has difficulty fending off Nazis
• 1933 Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor of
  Germany

18
Reichstag Fire

• February 1933 Reichstag set on fire
• The fire began Hitlers rise to total power
• Reichstag Fire Decree (February 33)
• Suspends civil liberties.
• Enabling Act (March 33)
• Parliament gave Hitler's legislative powers.
• Hindenburg dies (August 34)
• Hitler declared the office of President vacant
• Hitler makes himself head of state or "Führer

19
Francisco Franco

• Head of State of Spain from 1936-1975.
• Franco's governance went through various phases
• All emphasized
• Spanish nationalism
• Maintaining territorial integrity
• Catholicism
• Anti-Communism
• Emphasis on traditional values

20
Spanish Civil War

• 1936 -1939 It began after a coup by Spanish Army
  Generals
• The war ended with the victory of the rebel
  forces
• Republican govt overthrown
• Dictatorship established with Franco at its helm.

21
Guernica

• Pablo Picasso depicts the bombing of Guernica by
  German Italian war planes.

22
The Empire of Japan

• Rapid industrialization and Militarization
  ?emergence as a world power
• Leads to membership in the Axis Alliance of WWII
• Gained notoriety war crimes against the people
  within their Empire.

23
Timeline

• 1931-32
• Japan invades Manchuria
• 1935
• Italy invades Ethiopia
• Germany reintroduces Conscription (violation)
• 1936
• Germany Remilitarized Rhineland
• Franco revolts against Spainish Govt.
• Tripartate Pact
• First Concentration Camps

• 1937
• Japan full scale invasion of China (Rape of
  Nanking)
• 1938
• Anschluss Germany invades/ annex Austria
• Hitler claims Sudetenland
• Germany seizes Czechoslovakia
• 1939
• Italy invades/annexes Albania
• Hitler demands Danzig (Poland)
• Sept. 1, 1939