Arts History 1900

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Arts History1900 present

• 20th Century Classical Music
• Jazz
• Modern Day Music

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20th Century Classical Music
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20th Century Classical Music
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20th Century Classical MusicTerms

• Impressionism- French style of atmospheric music
  of the late nineteenth century
• Expressionism- musical style that subjectively
  explored deep inner feelings
• Tone row- a series of notes comprising the 12
  pitches of the chromatic scale invented by
  Arnold Schoenberg
• Aleatory music- music in which composers
  deliberately leave parts of the composition and
  performance undetermined and at the discretion of
  performers
• Synthesizer- an electronic device, usually with a
  keyboard, capable of producing sounds in almost
  any range, tone quality, and volume

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20th Century Classical MusicComposers

• Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
• He was born in a suburb of Paris, France and it
  was his aunt who first noticed how musical he
  was. She got him started taking piano lessons.
• When he was only ten, Debussy started studying at
  the very strict Paris Conservatory.
• As a child, Debussy was fascinated by visual art,
  and as he grew up, he loved the new style called
  "Impressionism." Instead of painting realistic,
  lifelike paintings with hard outlines,
  Impressionists used thousands of dots, or many
  different shades of color to create the
  "impression" of what they wanted to depict.
  Debussy took that idea and applied it to music,
  creating Impressionism in music.

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Clair de Luneby Debussy

• Meaning Moonlight, Clair de Lune is Debussys
  most well-known piano work.

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20th Century Classical MusicComposers

• Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
• Born in St. Petersburg, which was the capital of
  Russia at the time. His father was a famous
  opera singer, so as a kid, Igor got to hang out
  at the opera house, where he met all the famous
  musicians of the day.
• Igor began taking piano lessons at age 9. When he
  grew up, he started studying law. One of his
  fellow law students was the son of composer
  Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who agreed to give
  Stravinsky composition lessons. Law fell by the
  wayside completely after Stravinsky had a big
  success with The Firebird.
• Stravinsky went on to write more ballets. One of
  those was The Rite of Spring, about a pagan
  ritual in ancient Russia. The opening night
  audience found the music and choreography so
  shocking that there was actually a riot in the
  theater!
• Stravinsky moved around a lot. In Europe, he
  lived in France and Switzerland during World War
  II, he came to the United States, where he lived
  in both California and New York. Stravinskys
  music moved around, too -- he never really picked
  one style. He wrote Russian-sounding music, music
  that looked back to previous centuries, modern
  music, opera, and religious music -- including a
  symphony with psalms in it.

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The Firebirdby Stravinsky

• With life, death and rebirth as its theme, it
  represents nature as a Sprite who is summoned by
  a lone Elk. When the beauty of springtime is
  destroyed by the fury of the Firebird, who lives
  within an active volcano, it is up to the Elk and
  Sprite to once again reawaken what lies beneath
  the ashes of the ravaged forest.

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20th Century Classical MusicComposers

• George Gershwin (1898-1937)
• Born in Brooklyn, New York. He taught himself to
  play the piano at a friend's house by following
  how the keys moved on a player piano. When the
  Gershwins finally got their own piano, George
  surprised everyone by sitting down and playing
  the songs he had learned by himself.
• George liked to compose both classical and
  popular music, and found a unique way to combine
  the two. He composed his most famous work,
  Rhapsody in Blue, in 1924, where he proved that
  jazz held a legitimate place in the concert hall.
  
• Gershwin also wrote the opera Porgy and Bess. He
  is considered one of the greatest American
  composers.

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Rhapsody in Blueby Gershwin

• Gershwin composed Rhapsody in Blue in only three
  weeks. It is still one of the most popular of
  all 20th-century musical compositions, and proved
  that jazz had a legitimate place in the concert
  hall alongside traditional classical music.

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20th Century Classical MusicComposers

• John Cage (1912-1992)
• Among the most famous of 20th century composers.
  While his earliest compositions were written in
  a traditional style, he quickly moved on to
  create unique kinds of works. One of his first
  inventions was the prepared piano," which is an
  instrument modified so that it can produce new,
  percussive sounds.

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20th Century Classical MusicComposers

• John Cage (1912-1992)
• He wanted music to escape from any sort of
  control and, in some cases, to express the idea
  of zero thought. He therefore created purposeless
  music based on the throw of some dice, a star
  chart, or some other such random device so that
  his personal preferences were not part of the
  compositional process. He called this method
  indeterminacy. One such work, Imaginary Landscape
  No. 4, includes 12 radio sets, each of which is
  tuned to a different station. Every performance
  is therefore unique.
• 433, one of Cages most famous pieces, is
  performed by a pianist who sits unmoving in
  front of a keyboard for four minutes and 33
  seconds. The members of the audience are expected
  during this time to listen to the sounds that
  occur around them.
• Cage wanted to break down the barriers between
  art and living, to make audiences aware that they
  are surrounded by sounds and that everything they
  do is actually music.

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Aleatory Project

• Aleatory means "pertaining to luck", and derives
  from the Latin word alea, the rolling of dice.
  Aleatoric, indeterminate, or chance art is that
  which exploits the principle of randomness.

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20th Century Classical MusicComposers

• Aaron Copland (1900-1990)
• He was one of the most famous American composers
  of all time. Copland was born in Brooklyn, New
  York.
• With a thorough background of academic musical
  training behind him, Copland began composing in
  quite technically advanced styles, influenced by
  such European contemporaries as Igor Stravinsky
  and Arnold Schoenberg. He then turned to his
  own land for inspirations to pioneering life in
  the Appalachian Mountains and the Wild West, to
  jazz, and the music of African-Americans. He
  successfully combined these influential sources
  with his own highly professional skills to
  produce music that was beautifully polished but
  that clearly resonated with an American voice.
  Coplands music is as vast and magnificent as the
  land that inspired it.
• Copland wrote music with a very American" sound.
  Some of his most famous pieces are his ballets -
  Billy the Kid, Rodeo, and Appalachian Spring.
  Billy the Kid and Rodeo are about the Wild West.
  Copland also wrote music for movies - Of Mice and
  Men and Our Town, among others.
• One of Copland's best known compositions is
  Fanfare for the Common Man. Copland wrote it
  after the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra asked
  several composers to write fanfares during World
  War II. Coplands music has become a great part
  of American history.

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Agnes De Mille

• The grande dame of American dance, Agnes de Mille
  (1905-1993) was born in New York City. Her
  father was a playwright who went to work in
  Hollywood, and it was there that she took her
  first ballet lessons from Theodore Koslov. She
  attended UCLA, received a degree in English, then
  resumed her dance studies in New York, where she
  made her solo debut in 1928.
• Rodeo, the Americana classic she choreographed in
  1942, was one of de Milles most successful
  works.

The truest expression of people is in its dances
and its music. Bodies never lie. - Agnes de
Mille
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Rodeoby Aaron Copland choreographed by Agnes de
Mille

• Copland wrote Rodeo for Agnes de Mille.
• The ballet is about a cowgirl who is neglected
  and lonely, and who usually dresses in cowboy
  pants and shirt. She is attending a Saturday
  night dance and is watching the couple s dancing,
  but nobody wants to dance with her. Her friend,
  the Champion Roper, takes pity on her and shows
  her a few steps. Then she sees the Head
  Wrangler, who she is infatuated with, dancing
  with the Head Ranchers daughter. The cowgirl
  then runs away sobbing while everybody else
  continues to dance. When the cowgirl returns,
  the dancers all stop and look at her in surprise.
  They see her wearing a dress for the first time,
  and she also has a bow in her hair. Suddenly,
  everybody believes her to be some kind of
  Cinderella of the West. The Head Wrangler notices
  her beauty and becomes very interested however,
  so does the Champion Roper. Both men try to win
  her fancy. In the end she settles on the Roper
  the only one who has ever shown her any
  attention.

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Pantomime Gestures

• Pantomime is silent communication by means of
  gestures and facial expressions.
• Can you guess which gesture is being acted out?
• You want what?
• Thats really exciting!
• Quiet! Theyll hear us!
• Come over here right now!
• I have no idea what youre talking about!
• What in the world is that?
• Stop! Youre making me sick!
• I have no interest in your side of the story.
• When I say now, I mean now!

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Billy the Kidby Aaron Copland choreographed by
Eugene Loring

• In legend, Billy the Kid has been described as a
  vicious and ruthless killer, an outlaw who died
  at the age of twenty-one, not before raising
  havoc in the New Mexico Territory. It was said
  he took the lives of twenty-one men, one for each
  year of his life, the first one when he was just
  twelve years old. He was a rebel without a cause
  who killed without reason, other than to see his
  victims kick. These and many more accusations of
  callous acts are examples of the myth of Bill the
  Kid. In real form, the Kid was not the
  cold-blooded killer he has been portrayed as, but
  a young man who lived in a violent dog-eat-dog
  world, where knowing how to use a gun was a
  difference between life and death.
• The ballet is most famous for its incorporation
  of many cowboy tunes and American folk songs.

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Billy the Kidby Aaron Copland choreographed by
Eugene Loring

• The opening movement is titled "The Open
  Prairie". Copland utilizes harmonies based on
  fifths to give a sense of emptiness and
  loneliness with the main theme raising and
  falling above. This leads into the second
  movement, "Street in a Frontier Town," where
  Copland manages to visualize in music a town with
  cowboys sauntering around, some on horseback,
  some with lassos. The opening theme is played on
  the piccolo (tin whistle if a stage performance)
  and is based on the cowboy tune "Great Granddad."
  A Mexican theme enters which indicates a Mexican
  woman dancing a Jarabo. Copland achieved this
  Mexican feel with the use of rhythm, using the
  song "Come Wrangle yer Bronco" against a time
  signature of 5/8.
• A fight between two drunks that is hinted at in
  the trombones by the tune "Git along Little
  Doggies" interrupts all of this. In the ensuing
  chaos two shots ring out killing the
  twelve-year-old Billys mother. Billy, enraged,
  grabs a cowhands knife and kills his mothers
  murderer. Thus, the young outlaw's life begins.
• As "Street in a Frontier Town" comes to an end,
  Copland uses the tune of "Goodbye Old Paint" that
  has already been hinted at earlier in the
  movement.
• After dying away to nothing, the "Celebration
  Dance" shows how Copland could also show humor in
  his work by having the jaunty and quite spiky
  dance melody in the upper instrumentation written
  in C while the accompanying bass line supports
  this a semi-tone higher in C.
• Rich descending chords in the strings depict
  Billys death, with occasional accompaniment by
  upper winds. The suite then ends where it began,
  on the "Open Prairie," but this time, to help
  with the feeling of finality, Copland uses the
  whole orchestra with the brass playing big chords
  of leaping fifths. This is all strong motivation
  to lead us to the conclusion that Copland wanted
  the audiences' loyalties to lie with the now dead
  outlaw.

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American Folk Songs

• What are folk songs?
• Songs handed down from generation to generation.
• Can you name any American folk songs?
• Home on the Range
• Yankee Doodle
• Ive Been Working on the Railroad
• Do Your Ears Hang Low?
• Michael Row the Boat Ashore
• My Bonnie
• Polly Wolly Doodle

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Martha Graham

• Martha Graham (1894-1991) was an American
  dancer and choreographer regarded as one of
  the foremost pioneers of modern dance, whose
  influence on dance can be compared to the
  influence Stravinsky had on music, Picasso had on
  the visual arts and Frank Lloyd Wright had on
  architecture.
• Graham invented a new language of movement, and
  used it to reveal the passion, the rage and the
  ecstasy common to human experience. She danced
  and choreographed for over seventy years.

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Isamu Noguchi

• Isamu Noguchi (1904-1988) was a prominent
  Japanese American artist and landscape architect
  whose artistic career spanned six decades, from
  the 1920s onward. Known for his sculpture and
  public works, Noguchi also designed stage sets
  for various Martha Graham productions, and
  several mass-produced lamps and furniture pieces,
  some of which are still manufactured and sold.

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Appalachian Springby Aaron Copland
choreographed by Martha Graham

• The story told is a spring celebration of the
  American pioneers of the 1800s after building a
  new Pennsylvania farmhouse. Among the central
  characters are a newlywed couple, a neighbor, a
  revivalist preacher and his followers.

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Jazz
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Jazz

• Jazz originated around New Orleans back into
  the second half of the nineteenth century or
  earlier.
• Spirituals and the blues strongly influenced the
  early development of jazz. Bands used classical
  instruments, but in unique ways.

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Jazz
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JazzTerms

• Jazz- a musical form distinguished by its
  reliance on improvisation and its rhythmic
  urgency
• Polyrhythmic- juxtaposing two or more different
  rhythms
• Scat singing- a form of vocal improvisation on
  nonsense syllables (such as doo-wah, doo-wee)
• Swing- the special rhythmic character that jazz
  musicians add to the music
• Bebop- a complex and sophisticated type of
  improvised jazz
• Fusion- combination of jazz and rock
• Blues- a genre of African American music that
  often expresses frustration, sadness, or longing

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JazzComposers/Artists

• Louis Armstrong- jazz trumpet player vocally, he
  complemented his instrumental improvisations with
  scat singing

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JazzLouis Armstrong
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JazzComposers/Artists

• Benny Goodman- clarinetist who played the
  classics as well as jazz nicknamed the King of
  Swing
• Duke Ellington (1899-1974) one of Americas
  most prominent big band innovators most original
  and prolific American composers

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JazzMusic

• What a Wonderful World by Louis Armstrong
• Blues
• Sing, Swing, Sing by Benny Goodman
• Swing
• It Dont Mean a Thing by Duke Ellington
• Scat Singing

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Modern Day Music
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Modern Day Music

• We start to see the emergence of many new artists
  as the 20th century progresses. Musicians
  combine music styles to create a new sound.
• Modern technology helps the music world take
  off, exploring every possibility imaginable.
• Music has become a major part of television.
  The launch of MTV in 1981 aimed towards
  adolescents and young adults. Since then, we
  have VH1, BET, MTV2, CMT, and others.
• Music has become so much more than an art form or
  cultural experience. It is an industry that has
  grown to be based off modern day trends, looks
  and fame other than talent.

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Modern Day MusicStyles/Genres

• RB aka rhythm and blues popular music genre
  combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences
  first performed by African American artists
  term first coined in the 1940s contemporary RB
  (1980s) combines elements of soul, funk, pop,
  and hip-hop.
• RB Sam Cooke, James Brown, Rolling Stones
• Contemporary RB Luther Vandross, Whitney
  Houston, Mary J. Blige, Alicia Keys, R. Kelly
• Hip-Hop also known as rap music a style of
  music which came into existence in the United
  States during the mid-1970s consists of two
  main components rapping and DJing.
• Eminem, 2 Pac, Jay Z

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Modern Day MusicStyles/Genres

• Pop - the term indicates specific stylistic
  traits such as an emotional singing style, lyrics
  about love or sex, danceable beat, clear
  melodies, simple harmonies and repetitive
  structure so that people can catch on and join
  in pop music often includes elements of rock,
  hip hop, reggae, dance, RB, soul, and sometimes
  country, making it a flexible category started
  in the 1950s.
• 1950s Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley
• 1960s Beatles, The Beach Boys, Aretha Franklin,
  Ray Charles
• 1970s ABBA, BeeGees, Elton John, Earth Wind and
  Fire, Queen
• 1980s Madonna, Tina Turner, Janet Jackson, The
  Police
• 1990s Mariah Carey, Celine Deon, Backstreet
  Boys, Brittany Spears
• 2000s Usher, Beyonce, Gwen Stefani, Justin
  Timberlake, Nelly Furtado

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Modern Day MusicStyles/Genres

• Country - a blend of popular musical forms
  originally found in the Southern United States.
  It has roots in traditional folk music, Celtic
  music, blues, gospel music, hokum, and old-time
  music and evolved rapidly in the 1920s.The term
  country music began to be used in the 1940s when
  the earlier term hillbilly music was deemed to be
  degrading, and the term was widely embraced in
  the 1970s, while country and western has declined
  in use since that time.
• Garth Brooks, Willie Nelson, George Strait, Hank
  Williams, Sara Evans, Brad Paisley, Faith Hill

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Modern Day MusicStyles/Genres

• Rock - a form of popular music with a prominent
  vocal melody accompanied by guitar and drums.
  Rock music usually has a strong back beat. Rock
  music has its roots in 1950s-era rock and roll.
  In the late 1960s, rock music was blended with
  folk music to create folk rock, and with jazz, to
  create jazz-rock fusion. In the 1970s, rock
  incorporated influences from soul, funk, and
  Latin music. In the 1970s, rock developed a
  number of subgenres, such as soft rock, blues
  rock, heavy metal-style rock, progressive rock,
  punk rock. Rock subgenres from the 1980s included
  hard rock and alternative rock. In the 1990s,
  rock subgenres included grunge-style rock,
  Britpop, and Indie rock.
• Elvis Presley, Pink Floyd, Grateful Dead,
  Metallica, The Killers, Taking Back Sunday, Fall
  Out Boy

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Modern Day MusicFavorite Artist

• Write a paragraph describing YOUR favorite modern
  day artist/group. Include the following
• Name of artist
• Genre/Style of music
• A song/piece they sing/play that made them
  popular
• Interesting fact about them

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Modern Day MusicPast, Present, Future

• There are thousands of modern day artists out
  there today. Music has come so far from the
  Middle Ages to now. Starting with a thousand
  years of the same type music, to 150 years of the
  same music, to the 1900s where every decade
  brought a new sound, to now where almost every
  year music is changing. Where do you think music
  will go in the next 100 years?
• Paragraph 1 What you think the importance of
  music today is and why it sounds the way it
  does.
• Paragraph 2 What you think music will sound
  like 100 years from now.
• Paragraph 3 What role you think music will play
  in peoples lives 100 years from now.
• Paragraph 4 Will music change for better or for
  worse? Explain your answer.