World War II

1
World War II

• Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will
  live in infamy the United States of America was
  suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
  air forces of the Empire of Japan.
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt asking for a
  Declaration of War
• Congressional Record, December 8 , 1941

2
Timeline of Events

• 1931
• The Empire State Building opens in New York City
• Japan conquers Manchuria in northern China

3
Timeline of Events

• 1932
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected president
• 1933
• Adolf Hitler is appointed German chancellor and
  sets up Dachau concentration camp
• Prohibition ends

4
Timeline of Events

• 1934
• Stalin begins great purge in U.S.S.R.
• Chinese communists flee in the Long March

5
Timeline of Events

• 1936
• Jesse Owens wins four gold medals in Olympics in
  Berlin, Germany
• Ethiopias Halle Selassie asks League of Nations
  for help against Italian invasion
• General Francisco Franco leads a fascist
  rebellion in Spain
• Roosevelt is reelected

6
Timeline of Events

• 1937
• Amelia Earhart mysteriously disappears attempting
  solo round the world flight
• 1938
• Orson Welles broadcasts The War of the Worlds, a
  fictional alien invasion
• Kristallnacht Nazis riot, destroying Jewish
  neighborhoods

7
Timeline of Events

• 1939
• Germany invades Poland, Britain and France
  declare war on Germany
• 1940
• Roosevelt is elected to a third term
• Italy, Germany, and Japan sign a mutual defense
  pact becoming the Axis Powers
• Selective Service begins

8
Timeline of Events

• 1941
• Lend-Lease Act is passed by Congress
• Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
• United States enters World War II
• A. Philip Randolph demands that war industries
  hire African Americans
• Hitler invades the Soviet Union

9
Timeline of Events

• 1942
• Roosevelt creates the War Production Board to
  coordinate mobilization
• Japanese Americans are sent to relocation centers
• In the Pacific, the Battle of Midway turned the
  tide in favor of the Allies

10
Timeline of Events

• 1942
• Nazis develop the final solution for
  exterminating Jews.
• Womens Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) is founded
• Manhattan Project begins

11
Timeline of Events

• 1943
• Zoot-suit riots rock Los Angeles
• Rommels forces surrender in North Africa
• 1944
• On June 6, the Allies launch D-Day, a massive
  invasion of Europe
• Roosevelt is elected to a fourth term

12
Timeline of Events

• 1945
• U.S. marines take Iwo Jima
• Harry S Truman becomes president when Roosevelt
  dies
• Nazi retreat begins after the Battle of the Bulge
• Japan surrenders after atomic bombing of
  Hiroshima and Nagasaki

13
Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement

• The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and
  resentment
• Germany was angry that they were blamed for
  starting the war, and were forced to pay
  reparations
• These problems overwhelmed the Weimar
  Republicthe democratic government put in place
  after WWI
• The Soviets were also angry with the carving up
  of their territories

14
Europe 1914---Europe 1919
15
Failures of the World War I Peace Settlement

• The world was still not safe for democracy
• New democratic governments that emerged
  floundered
• Without a democratic tradition, people turned to
  authoritarian leaders to solve their economic and
  social problems
• Eventually many democratic governments collapsed
• Dictators seized power

16
Emerging Superpowers
17
Joseph Stalin transforms Soviet Union

• In Russia, democracy gave way to civil war
• The result a communist state officially called
  the Soviet Union
• 1922Lenin died
• 1924Joseph Stalin took control of the country
• He focused on creating a model communist country
• He made agricultural and industrial growth the
  prime economic goals

18
Joseph Stalin transforms Soviet Union

• He abolished all privately owned farms and
  replaced them with collectiveslarge government
  owned farmseach worked by hundreds of families
• By 1939, Stalin had established a totalitarian
  government that tried to exert complete control
  over its citizens
• In a totalitarian state, individuals have no
  rights and the government suppresses all
  opposition

19
The Rise of Fascist Italy

• Benito Mussolini was establishing his own
  totalitarian government
• High unemployment and inflation produced bitter
  strikes
• Alarmed by the threats, the middle and upper
  classes demanded stronger leadership
• Mussolini took advantage of the situation and
  played on fears of economic collapse and
  communism
• Mussolini easily won the support of Italians

20
The Rise of Fascist Italy

• 1921Mussolini established the Fascist Party
• Fascismstressed nationalism and placed the
  interests of the state above those of individuals
• Power must rest with a single strong leader and a
  small group of devoted party members
• 1922-Mussolini and thousands of his followers,
  called black shirts, marched on Rome
• When important government officials, the army,
  and the police sided with the Fascists, the
  Italian king appointed Mussolini head of
  government

21
The Rise of Fascist Italy

• Calling himself Il Duce, or the leader, he
  extended control to every aspect of Italian life
• Tourists marveled at how even the trains were on
  time
• He completed his goals through the crushing of
  all opposition and by making Italy totalitarian

22
Nazis in Germany

• Hitler followed the same path Mussolini did to
  gain power
• After WW1, Hitler was a jobless soldier
• 1919he joined the National Socialist German
  Workers Party (NAZI)
• He was a powerful public speaker
• He quickly became the partys leader
• Calling himself Der Fuhrer, the leader, he
  promised to bring Germany out of chaos

23
Nazis in Germany

• Adolph Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
• In the book, Hitler set forth the basic beliefs
  of Nazism that became the plan of action for the
  Nazi Party
• NazismGerman form of Fascismbased on extreme
  nationalism
• Hitler was born Austrian and dreamed of uniting
  all German speaking peoples in one empire

24
Nazis in Germany

• Hitler wanted to enforce racial purification
• Germansblue-eyed, blond-haired Aryansformed a
  master race destined to rule the world
• Inferior racesJews, Slavs, and all non-whites
  were deemed only fit to serve the Aryans

25
Nazis in Germany

• National expansion
• He believed that for Germany to thrive, it needed
  more living space
• One of his goals was to secure the land entitled
  to the German people by any means necessary

26
Nazis in Germany

• The Great Depression helped the Nazis come to
  power
• War debts and dependence on American loans and
  investments caused Germanys economy was hit hard
• 6 million Germans were unemployed by 1932
• Many men out of work joined Hitlers private
  armyStorm Troopers (brown shirts)
• Germans were desperate and turned to Hitler for
  help

27
Nazis in Germany

• By mid 1932, the Nazis had become the strongest
  political party in Germany
• January 1933Hitler appointed Chancellor (prime
  minister)
• Hitler quickly dismantled Germanys democratic
  republic
• He established the Third Reich, or Third German
  Empire
• Hitler said the Third Reich would become the
  Thousand-year Reich

28
Militarists Gain Control in Japan

• On the other side of the world nationalistic
  military leaders were trying to take control of
  the imperial government of Japan
• These leaders shared Hitlers belief for more
  living space
• Ignoring protests from moderate officials, the
  militarists launched a surprise attack and seized
  control of Manchuria in 1931

29
Militarists Gain Control in Japan

• The attack proved to be the greatest test of the
  newly formed League of Nations
• Representatives were sent to investigate
• Their report condemned Japan
• Japan quit the League
• The Militarists were now firmly in control of the
  Japanese government

30
Heading For War
31
Aggression in Europe and Africa

• The League of Nations failed and European
  dictators noticed
• In 1933, Hitler pulled out of the League
• In 1935, he began a military buildupviolating
  the Treaty of Versailles
• He then sent troops into the Rhinelandhad been
  demilitarized as a result of the war
• The League of Nations did nothing

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Aggression in Europe and Africa

• Mussolini also began building his own empire
• His first target Ethiopia
• 1935tens of thousands of Italian soldiers were
  ready to march on Ethiopia
• The League reacted with brave talk of collective
  resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression
• When Mussolini attacked, the League reacted with
  an economic boycott
• The Ethiopian emperor who had been overthrown
  appealed to the League for help, but to no avail
• He replied to the LeagueIts us today, it will
  be you tomorrow

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Civil War breaks out in Spain

• General Francisco Franco and other army officers
  rebelled against the Spanish republic
• Revolts broke out all over Spain
• The Spanish Civil War broke out
• The war aroused passions all over the world
• 3000 Americans formed the Abraham Lincoln
  Battalion and traveled to Spain to fight against
  Franco and Fascism
• Among the volunteers were African Americans still
  upset about Italy attacking Ethiopia the year
  before
• The limited aid was not enough to stop fascism

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Civil War breaks out in Spain

• The Western democracies remained neutral
• The Soviet Union sent equipment and advisers
• Hitler and Mussolini backed Francos forces with
  troops, weapons, tanks, and fighter planes
• The war forged a strong alliance between German
  and Italian dictators
• After a loss of almost 500,000 lives, Francos
  victory in 1939 established him as Spains
  fascist dictator

38
Americans Cling to Isolationism

• In the 1930s, many books were written arguing
  that the U.S. had been dragged into WW1 by greedy
  bankers and arms dealers
• Public outcries led to a congressional committee
• Led by North Dakota Senator Gerald Nye, the
  committee fueled the controversy by documenting
  the large profits that banks and manufacturers
  made during the war
• As the furor grew over these merchants of
  death, Americans became more determined than
  ever to avoid war

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Americans Cling to Isolationism

• to avoid appearing militaristic, the Girl Scouts
  changed their colors from green and khaki
• American isolationism eventually had an impact on
  Roosevelts foreign policy
• He officially recognized the Soviet Union in 1933
  and agreed to exchange ambassadors with Moscow

41
Americans Cling to Isolationism

• He continued the nonintervention in Latin America
  with his Good Neighbor Policy and withdrew armed
  forces stationed there
• In 1934, he pushed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement
  Act through Congress
• This act lowered trade barriers by giving the
  president the power to make trade agreements
• It also aimed at lowering tariffs by as much as
  50
• Congress then passed a series of Neutrality Acts
  in 1935

42
Americans Cling to Isolationism

• The first two Neutrality Acts outlawed arms sales
  or loans to nations at war
• The third act was passed in response to the
  fighting in Spain
• This act extended the ban on arms sales and loans
  to nations engaged in civil wars

43
Neutrality Breaks Down

• Despite efforts to legislate neutrality,
  Roosevelt found it impossible to remain neutral
• When Japan formally declared war on China in
  1937, Roosevelt found a way around the neutrality
  acts
• The U.S. continued sending arms and supplies to
  China
• A few months later, Roosevelt spoke out against
  isolationism
• He called on peace-loving nations to quarantine
  aggressor nations in order to stop the spread of
  war

44
Neutrality Breaks Down

• Isolationist newspapers spoke out claiming
  Roosevelt was leading the nation into war
• Roosevelt backed off in the face of criticism,
  but his speech began to shift the debate

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The War in Europe

• Hitler met with his advisers and declared that
  the only way to solve the German Question is
  through force
• The first phase was to absorb Austria and
  Czechoslovakia into The Third Reich
• On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into
  Austria unopposed
• There were about 3 million Germans living in the
  Sudetenland
• Hitler charged the Czechs were abusing the
  Sudeten Germans and began massing troops on the
  Czech border

47
The War in Europe

• France and Britain both swore to protect
  Czechoslovakia
• Hitler invited both the French premier Edouard
  Daladier and British prime minister Neville
  Chamberlain to Munich
• When they arrived, Hitler promised this would be
  his last territorial demand
• They two leaders chose to believe him
• On September 30, 1938 all three signed the Munich
  Agreement, which turned the Sudetenland over to
  Germany without a single shot being fired

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The War in Europe

• Chamberlain returned home proclaiming peace
• Winston Churchill was not as satisfied with the
  Agreement
• Churchill believed France and Britain had adopted
  a form of appeasementor giving up principles to
  pacify an aggressor
• Churchill responded with a warning of war on the
  horizon

50
German Offensive Begins

• Churchill was right
• March 15, 1939, Hitler invaded the remaining part
  of Czechoslovakia
• About two months later, Hitler charged that the
  Poles were mistreating Germans in Poland
• He began massing an army to invade Poland
• Some thought he was bluffing
• An attack on Poland would bring Germany at odds
  with the Soviets
• At the same time it would also provoke war with
  France and Britain who had promised to protect
  Poland

51
German Offensive Begins

• As tensions rose over Poland, Stalin signed a
  nonaggression act with Hitler
• Once bitter enemies, Stalin and Hitler now
  promised not to attack one another
• They then signed a second agreement promising to
  split Poland between each other
• With the danger of a two-front war eliminated,
  the fate of Poland was sealed

52
Blitzkrieg in Poland

• Dawn, September 1, 1939the German Luftwaffe
  began bombing Poland
• German tanks raced across the countryside
• This invasion was the first test of Germanys
  blitzkrieg, or lightning war
• They made use of military technology to take the
  enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all
  opposition
• Two days later Britain and France declared war on
  Germany

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Blitzkrieg in Poland

• The blitzkrieg tactics worked perfectly
• Major fighting was over before the allies could
  mount an offensive
• In the last week of fighting, the Soviet Union
  attacked from the east and grabbed a portion of
  Poland
• By the end, Poland ceased to exist and WW2 had
  begun

55
The Phony War

• For the next several months, French and British
  soldiers sat on the Maginot Line staring into
  Germany waiting for something to happen
• A few miles away, the Germans sat on the
  Siegfried Line staring back
• The Germans called this the sitzkrieg sitting
  war
• Some newspapers called it the Phony War

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The Phony War

• Stalin began annexing the Baltic states of
  Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
• Late in 1939, Stalin sent troops into Finland
• After three months of fighting Finland
  surrendered
• In April 1940, Hitler suddenly attacked Denmark
  and Norway in order to protect those
  countries freedom and independence.
• Hitler really wanted their sea coasts for his
  naval bases
• Next, Hitler turned on Belgium, Luxembourg, and
  the Netherlands
• The Phony War had ended

58
The Fall of France

• The Maginot Line proved to be ineffective
• The German threatened to bypass the line by going
  through Belgium
• Hitler sent his generals through the Ardennes
  avoiding British and French troops
• The Germans marched toward Paris
• The Germans had trapped almost 400,000 French,
  British and Belgian soldiers
• They fled to the beaches of Dunkirk and escaped
  the Germans by crossing the Channel on fishing
  barges and small tugboats

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The Fall of France

• A few days later, Italy entered the war on the
  German side and began attacking France from the
  south
• On June 22, 1940, at Compiegne, Hitler handed
  French officers his terms of surrender
• Germans would occupy the northern part of France,
  and a Nazi-controlled puppet government, headed
  by Marshal Philippe Petain, would be set up at
  Vichy in the south

61
The Fall of France

• Charles de Gaulle fled to England where he set up
  a government-in-exile and proclaimed France has
  lost a battle, but France has not lost the war.

62
The Battle of Britain

• In the summer of 1940, the Germans assembled an
  invasion fleet along the French coast
• Even though they could not compete with Britains
  naval power, Germany launched an air war at the
  same time it launched a naval war on Britain
• The Luftwaffe began making bombing runs over
  Britain
• Its goal was to control the skies and defeat the
  RAF
• Hitler had over 2600 planesin one dayAugust
  15he sent over 2000 towards London
• For two solid months, London was pounded

63
The Battle of Britain

• The fight lasted through the summer and fall
• At first the Germans targeted airfields, but then
  went after the cities
• With the help of radar, the RAF brilliantly
  fought against the Germans
• On September 15, 1940, the RAF shot down 185
  German planes, and lost only 26 of their own
• Six weeks later, Hitler called off the invasion
• But German bombers still continued to bomb
  British cities in order to disrupt production

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Genocide
66
The Holocaust

• When Hitler took control, he ordered all
  non-Aryans out of government jobs
• Jews were not the only victims of the Holocaust,
  but they were the center of the Nazis targets
• Anti-Semitism, or hatred of Jews, had a long
  history in many European countries
• For years Germans blamed the Jews for the
  economic struggles
• Hitler found many willing to share his belief
  that Jews were responsible for Germanys economic
  problems and defeat in WW1

67
Kristallnacht

• November 9-10, 1938, became known as
  Kristallnacht, or night of broken glass
• Storm Troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses
  and synagogues across Germany
• Around 100 Jews were killed
• Hundreds more injured
• 30,000 were arrested
• Afterward, the Germans blamed the Jews for the
  destruction

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Jewish Refugees

• Nazis tried to speed Jewish emigration, but ran
  into difficulty
• Jews were having trouble finding nations that
  would take them in
• France already had 40,000 refugees and did not
  want more
• Britain worried about fueling Anti-Semitism and
  refused to admit more than 80,000 refugees
• The U.S. allowed 100,000 refugees, but people
  wanted to close the doors

70
Plight of the St. Louis

• Official indifference to the plight of the Jews
  was evident in the case of the ship St. Louis
• The German Ocean Liner passed by Miami in 1939
• 740 of the 943 passengers had U.S. immigration
  papers, the Coast Guard followed the ship in case
  anyone decided to jump ship
• The ship was forced to return to Europe

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Final Solution

• By 1939, only about a quarter million Jews
  remained in Germany
• Other nations the Nazis occupied had millions
  more
• Obsessed with ridding Europe of Jews, Hitler
  imposed his Final Solutiona policy of
  genocide, or the systematic killing of an entire
  population

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The Condemned

• To accomplish the preservation of the master
  race Jews and other races were enslaved and
  killed
• Other groups that were targeted included
• Gypsies Nazis believed were inferior
• Freemasons Nazis charged them with supporting
  the Jewish conspiracy to rule the world
• Jehovahs Witnesses who refused to join the army
  or salute Hitler
• Other Germans were also targetedthought to be
  unfit to be in the master race

75
The Condemned

• Hitler began implementing his final solution in
  Poland with special Nazi death squads
• Hitlers security squadrons rounded up Jews and
  shot them on the spot

76
Forced Relocation

• Jews were ordered into dismal, overcrowded
  ghettossegregated Jewish areas in certain Polish
  cities
• The Nazis sealed off the ghettos with barbed wire
  and stone walls
• Life inside was miserable
• Bodies of victims piled up faster than they could
  be removed
• Factories were built alongside the ghettos
• The people were forced to work in these factories
• Jews formed resistance movements inside the
  ghettossome public and some underground

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Concentration Camps

• Jews in communities not reached by the killing
  squads were shipped out to concentration camps
• Families were often separated
• Originally used to house political opponents and
  protesters
• Turned over to the SS and expanded to include
  other undesirables

79
Concentration Camps

• Prisoners were crammed into wooden
  barracks1000/barrack
• They shared quarters, meals, and fleas
• Jews worked from dawn till dusk or until they
  collapsed
• If they were too weak to work, they were killed

80
The Final Stage

• The Final Solution reached its final stage in
  1942
• Hitler and his officials instituted the final
  phase of the mass killingspoisonous gas
• The overwork, beatings, bullets and starvation
  were not killing fast enough for the Nazis
• 6 death camps were built in Poland

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The Final Stage

• Each camp had several gas chambers where as many
  as 12,000 people could be killed in a day
• When prisoners arrived at Auschwitz, the largest
  of the camps, they were paraded in front of SS
  doctors
• The doctors would separate the ones that were
  weak from the ones that were strong
• They were then told to leave all their belongings
  with a promise of getting them later

83
The Final Stage

• The ones destined to die were ushered into a room
  next to the chamber and told to undress to
  prepare for a shower
• The prisoners were even given pieces of soap
• They were then taken into the chamber and
  poisoned with cyanide gas

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The Final Stage

• The mass extermination was sometimes accompanied
  by cheerful music played by prisoners temporarily
  spared execution
• At first, the bodies were put in huge pits dug by
  other prisoners
• But other camps installed crematoriums to better
  hide the evidence of the mass killing
• If prisoners werent gassed, they were shot,
  hanged or injected with poison

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The Final Stage

• Others died of the horrible medical experiments
  carried out by camp doctors
• Some were injected with deadly germs in order to
  study the effect of disease on different groups
  of people
• Many others were used to test methods of
  sterilization as another way of improving the
  master race

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Survivors

• About 6 million Jews were slaughtered or died as
  a result of the concentration camps
• Still, others escaped deatheither with help or
  because the war ended

90
America Joins the War Effort
91
America Moves Towards War

• 1939Roosevelt asked Congress to pass a
  cash-and-carry provision that allowed warring
  nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid
  cash and transported them in their own ships
• Roosevelt argued it would help France and Britain
  defeat Germany but keep the U.S. out of the war
• Congress passed the Neutrality Act of
  1939cash-and-carry act

92
Axis Threat

• The cash-and-carry policy was nearly too little
  to late
• By 1940, France had fallen and Britain was under
  siege
• By September 1940, the U.S. had provided Britain
  with hundreds of thousands of weapons and over 50
  ships for leases on British bases
• Churchill later remarked that this was a
  decidedly unneutral act

93
Axis Threat

• September 27Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a
  mutual defense treaty, the Tripartite Pact
• They became known as the Axis Powers
• This treaty aimed at keeping the U.S. out of the
  war
• If the U.S. did enter the war, they would be
  fighting a two ocean war

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Building U.S. Defenses

• Meanwhile, Roosevelt asked Congress to increase
  military spending
• In spite of years of isolationism, Nazi victories
  in 1940 changed minds
• Congress also passed the nations first
  peace-time draftSelective Training and Service
  Act
• 16 million men between 21 and 35 were drafted for
  one year and served only in the Western Hemisphere

96
Roosevelt Runs for a Third Term

• 1940Roosevelt broke the tradition of a two-term
  presidency and decided to run for a third term
  (T.R. had done this nearly 40 years before with
  non-consecutive terms)
• The Republican candidate, Wendell Willkie,
  supported Roosevelts policies and they both
  promised to keep us out of the war
• Since there was very little difference between
  the two, the majority of voters chose the only
  one they knew best

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Roosevelt Wendell Willkie
98
Lend-Lease Plan

• After the election, Roosevelt explained that it
  would be impossible to negotiate a peace with
  Hitler
• By late 1940, Britain had no more money for the
  war
• Roosevelt suggested the Lend-Lease Policy
• Under this plan, the president lends or leases
  arms and other supplies to any country whose
  defense was vital to the U.S.

99
Lend-Lease Plan

• Isolationists argued against the plan, but most
  Americans favored it
• Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in March 1941

100
Supporting Stalin

• In June 1941, Hitler broke his agreement with
  Stalin
• Roosevelt began sending lend-lease supplies to
  the S.U.
• Some Americans opposed working with Stalin
• Roosevelt agreed with Churchill when he said, if
  Hitler invaded Hell, Britain would be willing to
  work with the devil himself.

101
German Wolf Packs

• To send the supplies, supply lines had to be kept
  open
• Hitler tried to stop the lend-lease supplies by
  sending U-Boats to attack the convoys
• From spring to fall of 1941, individual surface
  attacks by individual U-boats gave way to what
  became known as the wolf pack attack
• U-boats were successful in sinking as much as
  350,000 tons of shipments in a single month
• September 1941Roosevelt gave the navy permission
  to attack German U-boats in self-defense

102
German Wolf Packs

• By late 1943, the submarine menace was contained
  by electronic detection techniques and by
  airborne antisubmarine patrols

103
Atlantic Charter

• In 1941, the House extended the term of draftees
• Roosevelt began planning for the war he knew
  would come
• Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly at a summit
  aboard the USS Augusta
• Both agreed to the Atlantic Charterboth
  countries pledged collective security,
  disarmament, self-determination, economic
  cooperation, and freedom of the seas
• Roosevelt told Churchill he could not ask
  Congress to declare war on Germany, but that he
  would do everything to force an incident

104
Atlantic Charter

• The charter became the basis of a new documentA
  Declaration of the United Nations
• The term United Nations was suggested by
  Roosevelt to express the common purpose of the
  Allies
• The declaration was signed by 26 nations

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Shoot on Sight

• When German U-boats fired on the U.S. destroyer
  Greer in the Atlantic September 4, 1941,
  Roosevelt ordered the navy to shoot on sight
• Two weeks later, the Pink Star, a merchant ship,
  was sunk off the coast of Greenland
• Again in October, U-boats sank the U.S. destroyer
  Kearny and 11 lives were lost
• Days later, Germans sank the Reuben James killing
  more than 100 sailors
• history has recorded who fired the first shot.

107
Japans Ambitions in the Pacific

• Japans expansion began with Manchuria
• Only U.S. territories remained in their way
• Japan began with French military bases in
  Indochina
• U.S. responded by cutting off trade with Japan
• The embargoed goods included oilJapan could be
  defeated without oil
• Japan had a choicepersuade the U.S. to end its
  oil embargo or seize the oil fields in the Dutch
  East Indies

108
Peace Talks are Questioned

• Hideki Tojo (prime minister) met with the emperor
  Hirohito
• He promised to preserve peace with the U.S.
• But on November 5, 1941, Tojo ordered the
  Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on the
  U.S.
• The U.S. had broken Japanese codes and learned
  they were preparing for attack, but didnt know
  where
• Late NovemberRoosevelt sent out a war warning
  to the commanders in the Pacific
• Roosevelt wanted Japan to commit the first act

109
Peace Talks are Questioned

• The Peace talks went on for a month
• On December 6, 1941, Roosevelt received a decoded
  message that instructed Japans peace envoy to
  reject all American peace proposals
• This means war, Roosevelt declared

110
Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941
• Early in the morning, a Japanese dive-bomber
  swooped low over Pearl Harbor
• Followed by more than 180 Japanese warplanes
  launched from six aircraft carriers
• For an hour and a half, the Japanese planes were
  barely disturbed by antiaircraft guns
• In less than 2 hours, the Japanese had killed
  2,403 Americans and wounded 1,178 more
• They sank 21 ships and severely damaged or
  destroyed 300 aircraft

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112
Pearl Harbor

• The Pacific Fleet was nearly wiped out
• Only three aircraft carriers escaped the
  destructionthis proved vital to the outcome of
  the war

113
Pearl Harbor

• In Washington, Roosevelt listened to report after
  report realizing we now had to fight a war on two
  fronts
• December 8Roosevelt gave his famous Infamy
  speech
• The greatest damage done by Pearl Harbor was to
  the cause of isolationism
• Now, Americans felt that war was the only way

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116
Americans Join the War Effort

• After Pearl Harbor, Japan boasted that the U.S.
  was now reduced to a third-rate power and was
  trembling in her shoes
• Americans set out to prove Japan wrong
• Eager young Americans jammed recruiting offices
• 5 million volunteered, but this was not enough
  for all-out war
• The Selective Service System expanded the draft
  and provided another 10 million soldiers
• After 8 weeks of basic training the 15 million
  soldiers were ready for the fight

117
The Home Front
118
Expanding the Military

• The militarys work force needs were so great
  that Gen. George Marshall pushed for the
  formation of the Womens Auxiliary Army Corps
  (WAAC)
• Women would serve in non-combat positions
• Some in Congress thought it to be the silliest
  piece of legislation
• The law gave women salary and status but few of
  the benefits granted to men
• In 1943, the Army dropped the Auxiliary part and
  granted full Army benefits to WACs

119
Recruiting and Discrimination

• For many minority groups, they questioned whether
  this was their fight
• why die for democracy for some foreign country
  when we dont even have it here?
• On receiving his draft notice, an African
  American responded unhappily, Just carve on my
  tombstone, Here lies a black man killed fighting
  a yellow man for the protection of a white man

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121
Dramatic Contributions

• Despite discrimination, more than 300,000 Mexican
  Americans joined the armed forces
• 1 million African Americans servedthey lived and
  worked in segregated units and were limited
  mostly to non-combat roles until 1943
• 46,000 Asian Americans served as spies and
  interpreters in the Pacific
• 25,000 Native Americans enlisted too, including
  800 women

122
Production

• Early 1942, newspapers reported the end of car
  production for private use
• The nations automobile plants had been retooled
  to produce tanks, planes, boats, and command cars
• Other factories across the nation were converted
  as well
• A maker of mechanical pencils turned out bomb
  parts
• A bedspread manufacturer made mosquito netting
• A soft drink company filled shells with explosives

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Labors Contribution

• By 1944, despite the draft, nearly 18 million
  workers were laboring in war industries, three
  times as many as in 1941
• More than 6 million of the new workers were women
• Industries feared that women lacked the necessary
  stamina for factory work
• Once women proved they could operate welding
  torches or riveting guns as well as men,
  employers could not hire enough of them
• Women would only earn about 60 percent as much as
  men doing the same jobs

125
Labor Contribution

• Defense plants hired more than 2 million minority
  workers (janitors) during the war years
• To protest discrimination, A. Philip Randolph,
  founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car
  Porters, organized a march on Washington
• July 1, 1941marched under the banner We Loyal
  Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and
  Fight for Our Country
• Roosevelt called Randolph in and asked him to
  back down
• In the end, it was Roosevelt who backed down

126
Labor Contribution

• The president issued an executive order calling
  on employers and labor unions to provide African
  Americans and other minorities jobs without
  discrimination

127
Mobilization of Scientists

• 1941Roosevelt created the Office of Scientific
  Research and Development
• OSRD spurred improvements in radar and sonar
• It encouraged the use of pesticides like DDT
• As a result, U.S. soldiers were probably the
  first in history to be free of body lice
• It also pushed the development of miracle
  drugs, such as penicillin

128
Mobilization of Scientists

• The most significant achievementatomic bomb
• Interest in such a weapon began in 1939, after
  German scientists succeeded in splitting uranium
  atoms
• Albert Einstein, German refugee, wrote a letter
  to Roosevelt warning that Germans could construct
  a weapon of enormous destructive power

129
Mobilization of Scientists

• Roosevelt created an Advisory Committee on
  Uranium
• In 1941, the committee told Roosevelt it would
  take 3-5 years to build an atomic bomb
• The OSRD set up an intensive program in 1942 to
  develop the bomb as quickly as possible
• Much of the early research was done at Columbia
  University in Manhattan giving it the code name
  the Manhattan project

130
Government takes control of Economy 1942-1945 Government takes control of Economy 1942-1945
Agencies and Laws What they did
Office of Price Administration Fought inflation by freezing wages, prices and rents
National War Labor Board Limited wage increases, allowed negotiated benefits, kept unions stable by forbidding workers to change unions
War Production Board Rationed fuel and materials vital to the war effort
Department of the Treasury Issued war bonds to raise money for the war effort and to fight inflation
Revenue Act of 1942 Raised the top personal-income tax rate to 88
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act Limited the right to strike, gave the president power to take over striking plants
131
Rationing

• The OPA set up a system for rationing
• Under this system, households received ration
  books with coupons to be used for buying such
  scarce goods as meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, and
  gasoline
• Gas rationing was particularly hard on those who
  lived in western regions
• Most accepted rationing as a personal
  contribution to the war effort
• Many carpooled or rode bicycles
• Others bought scarce goods through the black
  market

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133
New Strategy on the Western Front
134
War Plans

• The Allied strategy after 1941
• First objective Italy and Germany
• Second objective Japanafter defeat of Hitler
• Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to the terms of
  the strategy at the White House at the end of 1941

135
Battle of the Atlantic

• After Pearl Harbor, Hitler ordered sub raids
  against ships along Americas east coast
• Hitler hoped to starve Britain and the Soviet
  Union by cutting off their supply lines
• For a while, it looked like Hitler would succeed
• In the first 4 months of 1942, the Germans sank
  87 ships
• Seven months into the year, 681 Allied ships were
  sunk

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137
Battle of the Atlantic

• Convoys were organized and reversed the damage
• At the same time, the U.S. launched a crash
  shipbuilding programby mid-1943, 140 Liberty
  ships were produced each month
• By mid-1943, the tide had turned in the Atlantic
• The Allies were beginning to sea significant
  victories on land as well as sea

138
Battle of Stalingrad

• Germans had been fighting in S.U. since 1941
• Winter 1941stopped short of Moscow and Leningrad
• Summer 1942Hitler focused his attention on the
  oil fields in Caucasus Mts. and Stalingrad
• The Russians harvested their fields and burnt
  their own buildings to keep the Germans from
  being successful
• The Luftwaffe bombed Stalingrad while soldiers
  fought hand-to-hand combat
• The Germans had taken 9/10 of the city by
  September

139
Battle of Stalingrad

• Another winter cameSoviets took this opportunity
  to roll fresh tanks in for a massive
  counterattack
• They cut off German supply lines and surrounded
  the city
• Hitler ordered the Germans to stay and fight
• Winter turned Stalingrad into a frozen wasteland
  and the fighting continued
• January 31, 1943the German commander surrendered
  and two days later his troops did too

140
Battle of Stalingrad

• In defending Stalingrad, the Russians lost
  1,100,000 soldiers
• The battle marked a turning point in the war
• From that point on, the Soviets moved westward
  toward Germany

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142
North African Front

• While Stalingrad was being bombarded, the U.S.
  and Britain launched Operation Torch
• The Allies, commanded by Dwight D. Eisenhower,
  invaded Axis controlled North Africa
• In November 1942, 107,000 Allied troops landed in
  Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers
• They sped eastward chasing General Erwin Rommel
  through the desert
• He surrendered in May 1943

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144
Italian Campaign

• Before Africa was won, the Allied powers met at
  Casablanca and agreed to accept the unconditional
  surrender of the Axis powers
• They also decided their next attack would come on
  the Italian Peninsula
• In summer 1943, Sicily fell quickly
• Stunned by the collapse of their army, the
  Italian government forced Mussolini to resign
• July 25, 1943Mussolini was stripped of his power
  and arrested
• Italy was not a threat anymore

145
Heroes of War

• The Tuskegee Airmen registered their first
  victory at Sicily
• They won two Distinguished Unit Citations for
  their outstanding aerial combat against the
  Luftwaffe
• The 92nd Infantry Buffaloes, in just 7 months
  of combat, won 7 Legion of Merit awards, 65
  Silver Stars, and 162 Bronze Stars for courage
  under fire

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Heroes of War

• 17 Mexican Americans were awarded the Medal of
  Honor
• All Mexican-American unit--Company E of the 141st
  Regiment, 36th division became one of the most
  decorated of the war
• The 100th Battalion, consisting of 1300 Hawaiian
  Nisei became known as the Purple Heart Battalion
• Later they formed the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental
  Combat Team and became the most decorated unit in
  U.S. History

148
D-Day

• June 6, 1944Operation Overlord
• Turning point of the Western Front
• 3 million Allied soldiers stormed the beaches of
  Normandy
• This would be the largest land-air-sea invasion
  in army history
• German retaliation was brutal, particularly at
  Omaha beach

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150
The Allies Gain Ground

• Despite heavy casualties, the Allies held the
  beachheads
• After 7 days, they held an 80 mile strip of land
• After a month, they had landed millions of
  soldiers, 567,000 tons of supplies, and 170,000
  vehicles in France
• Gen. Omar Bradley unleashed massive air and land
  bombardment at St. Lo providing a gap in German
  defenses
• Gen. George Patton could now advance

151
The Allies Gain Ground

• On August 23, Patton reached the Seine River
  south of Paris
• Two days later Paris was liberated from a 4 year
  German occupation
• By September 1944, the Allies had freed France,
  Belgium and Luxembourg
• The good news helped elect Roosevelt to his
  fourth term with Harry Truman as his V.P.

152
Battle of the Bulge

• In October 1944, Americans captured their first
  German town, Aachen
• Hitler responded with a desperate last-gasp
  offensive
• He ordered his troops to break through the Allied
  lines and to recapture the Belgian port of
  Antwerp
• December 16, eight German tank divisions broke
  through weak American defenses
• Tanks drove 60 miles into Allied territory
  creating a bulge in the lines that gave the
  desperate offensive its name, the Battle of the
  Bulge

153
Battle of the Bulge

• The Germans captured 120 GIs and mowed them down
  with machine guns
• The battle raged for a month
• The Germans lost ground and 120,000 troops, 600
  tanks, and 1600 planes
• From that point on, the Nazis could do little but
  retreat

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155
The Pacific Front
156
American Strategy

• Following the liberation of Europe (D-Day),
  America set its eye toward the Pacific
• Due to Japans strategy of fight to the death,
  America formed an Island Hopping strategy
• Formed in order to get closer to Japan
• For the most part this strategy worked

157
Midway

• Midway
• Turning point on the Pacific Front
• Major Naval battle took place Jun 4-7, 1942
• The Japanese plan was to lure America's few
  remaining carriers into a trap and sink them.6
  The Japanese also intended to occupy Midway Atoll
  to extend their defensive perimeter. This
  operation was considered preparatory for an
  invasion of Hawaii.
• Put a stop to Japans advance toward Hawaii

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159
Iwo Jima

• February-March 1945
• The Marine invasion was charged with the mission
  of capturing the airfields on the island
• Once the bases were secured, they could then be
  of use in the impending invasion of the Japanese
  mainland.
• One of the first objectives after landing on the
  beachhead was the taking of Mount Suribachi
• Even after Iwo Jima was declared secured, about
  three thousand Japanese soldiers were left alive
  in the island's caves and tunnels.
• Eventually most surrendered and were surprised by
  many Americans compassion

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161
Okinawa

• March-June 1945
• was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific
  Theater
• The battle has been referred to as the "Typhoon
  of Steel
• The battle has one of the highest casualties
• Okinawa would serve as a springboard for the
  planned invasion of the mainland islands
• Japan surrendered before an invasion took place

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Surrender and Liberation
164
Liberation of the Death Camps

• Meanwhile, Allied troops pressed eastward into
  the German heartland, and the Soviet army pushed
  westward across Poland toward Berlin
• Soviet troops were the first to enter a death
  camp
• The German troopers worked to bury and burn all
  evidence of their crimes
• The Soviets arrived to find a thousand starving
  prisoners, the largest crematory in the world,
  and a store house filled with 800,000 shoes
• Other death camps were in similar conditions

165
Unconditional Surrender

• April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had stormed
  Berlin
• As shells burst overhead, the city panicked
• Soldiers in hiding ran out in the streets and
  were shot on the spot or hanged from the nearest
  tree
• On their chests they had placards reading We
  betrayed the Fuhrer (leader)

166
Unconditional Surrender

• In his underground headquarters in Berlin, Hitler
  prepared for the end
• On April 29, he married his long time companion,
  Eva Bratun
• The same day, he wrote out his last address to
  the German people
• He blamed the Jews for starting the war and his
  Generals for losing it
• The next day, Hitler shot himself, and Eva drank
  poison
• The two bodies were dragged out and burned in the
  street

167
Unconditional Surrender

• A week after Hitlers death, Eisenhower accepted
  the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich
• May 8, 1945the Allies celebrated V-E-DayVictory
  in Europe

168
Roosevelts Death

• Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day
• He died April 12, 1945, while posing for a
  portrait in Warm Springs, Georgia
• The President had a stroke and died
• That night, V.P. Harry S. Truman was sworn in as
  the 33rd president

169
Ending War in the Pacific

• War still waged between Japan and the U.S.
• Truman was given two choices
• Send in troops to fight to the death against
  Japanese soldiers
• Use a new weapon to end the war (Atomic Bombs)
• Not wanting to lose so many lives, Truman chose
  to use the weapons created from the Manhattan
  Project

170
Ending War in the Pacific

• Manhattan Project
• The project to develop the first nuclear bomb
• Developed between Canada, United Kingdom, and
  U.S.
• J. Robert Oppenheimer took nuclear research on
  the fast track

171
Potsdam Conference

• Potsdam ConferenceGermany
• July 11, 1945
• Allied leaders met and agreed upon the
  unconditional surrender of Germany and
  Japanspecifically stating the alternative for
  Japan is prompt and utter destruction if they
  did not surrender (this in part to their
  destruction of Pearl Harbor)

172
Atom Bomb

• Japan refused to accept the terms of the Potsdam
  Conference
• Truman ordered the dropping of two atomic bombs
• The first on August 6, 1945 Little Boy was
  dropped on Hiroshima
• Japan did not surrender
• The second on August 9, 1945 Big Boy was
  dropped on Nagasaki

173
A World without War

• In order to maintain peace
• The Allies formed the United Nations
• Decolonization began taking place in many parts
  of the world
• Germanys lands were divided upeven Berlin, the
  capital of Germany, was split into 4 between the
  Allies
• Unfortunately, peace would not last