The Global Ocean Observing System and the Southern Ocean

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The Global Ocean Observing System and the
Southern Ocean
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(No Transcript)
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September 2005
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THE EL NIÑO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION
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ZIMBABWE MAIZE YEILD AND EL NIÑO
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EL NIÑO AND HEALTH RISKS MALARIA
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NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION (NAO)
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NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION AFFECTS ZOOPLANKTON
(CALANUS)
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Circum-Antarctic Wave
Red warm blue cool grey ice edge T wind
stress, stretching and compressing ice extent
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GOOS, the Global Ocean Observing System is

• A sustained, coordinated international system for
  gathering data about the oceans and seas of the
  earth
• A system for processing the data to enable the
  generation of beneficial products and services
• The research and development upon which such
  products and services depend for their improvement

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Observing the Global Ocean

• Sustained observations of the Ocean are required
  for
• Understanding global change
• Predicting climate
• Protecting and managing marine ecosystems
• Complying with international agreements
• Protecting life and property on the coast and at
  sea
• Providing forecasts of its future states for a
  variety of uses and users.

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Policy Drivers

• Meeting IOC and WMO Resolutions.
• Meeting Agenda 21 and WSSD requirements.
• Abiding by UNCLOS.
• Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.
• Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).
• UNFCCC (Climate Change).
• Biodiversity - Jakarta Mandate
• Ramsar - Wetlands
• Stockholm - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
• Regional Conventions (UNEP OSPAR, etc)
• GEOSS and the G8.

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Operational System
Sustained, Routine, User-Driven, End-to-End
Products
GOOS
Analysis, Modelling
Data Communications Management
Monitoring
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Schematic of the vertical stack of observations
from satellites to seabed that would be necessary
to inform an iAOOS study focused on the present
state and future fate of the Arctic perennial
sea-ice.
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The Ten-Year Plan for In-situ Observations
2001
2002
2000
2003
2004
2006
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
Operational GPS/DORIS Stations
86
86
86
86
86
80
55
Tide Gauges
45
45
40
40
1250
1250
1250
1200
1150
807
671
779
810
1100
1050
Number of buoys
Surface Drifting Buoys
94
99
99
99
87
83
90
Number of moorings
79
79
77
77
Tropical Moored Buoys
High resolution and frequently repeated lines
occupied
41
41
41
41
36
32
Ships of Opportunity
29
26
26
24
23
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
544
200
310
Argo Floats
Number of floats
2000
1000
29
29
29
29
Reference Stations
Number of flux moorings
1
2
6
7
10
16
14
150
150
150
120
Moorings with climate sensors
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Coastal Moorings
0
15
0
0
0
80
38
40
40
40
Number of flux sites/lines, One inventory per 10
years
36
16
18
20
14
32
Ocean Carbon Network
24
820
820
820
760
700
670
Dedicated Ship Time
Days at sea (NOAA contribution)
430
250
250
250
250
10
10
9
Product evaluation and feedback loops implemented
3
4
System Evaluation
7
0
1
1
1
6
100
100
99
94
88
34
40
44
30
77
Total System
System Complete
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2001
2002
2000
2003
2004
2006
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
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WE CAN NOW OBSERVE THE SEA SURFACE GLOBALLY
SYNOPTICALLY.
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We have limited ability to observe beneath the
surface of the ocean.
6,316 BATHY TESAC reports collected in
real time during December, 2000.
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Argo will cover the global oceans with 3,000
profiling floats.
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2154 Argo floats by 24 Nov 2005
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Drifting Buoy Programme
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The Global Sea-level Observing System (GLOSS)
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Antarctic Peninsula Warming

• Annual mean temp increase 3 C in the last 50
  years the largest warming in the SH.
• Sea ice decrease.
• Precipitation increase.
• Strong ENSO linkages.
• Changes in water masses on the continental shelf.
• What are the contributions of natural climate
  variability and anthropogenic forcing?

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The link to El Niño
Upper Tropospheric Height Anomalies Associated
with El Nino Events Rossby Wave connection The
PSA signal is less robust than the PNA because of
the strength of the Southern Hemisphere
westerlies
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0.17C warming between 1950s-80s at 700-1100m
depth
Double the global Ocean rate Concentrated in
ACC Matches SH atmosphere Could influence
sea ice
Gille, 2002
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Warming of Weddell Sea WDW
Warm Deep Water flowing into and out of the
Weddell Sea has warmed by about 0.3C since the
mid-1970s. (Robertson et al., 2002)
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Atlantic freshwater changes
saltier
fresher
fresher
suggest links to global warming and possible
changes in the hydrologic cycle of the Earth.
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Regional change
Changes in winter sea ice duration (Parkinson
2002 Ann Glaciol 34, 2002)
Antarctic Peninsula region. One of the most
rapidly warming regions on the planet
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Circumpolar distribution of krill
Euphausia superba
Atkinson et al (2004)
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Biodiversity Change
Declining krill population
Increasing salps
Atkinson et al, 2004
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Southern Ocean CO2 (red sink)
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Ocean acidification Fossil CO2 is invading the
ocean
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Southern Ocean Circulation
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Southern Ocean Observing System Hydrographic
Sections
Rintoul et al CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR SO
Implementation Panel
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Under-Ice Observing System
HAFOS (Fahrbach) Moorings Surface
Drifters Under-Ice Floats
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Thermohaline Circulation links Asia Antarctica
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Antarctica and the Global Climate System (SCAR)

• Use
• deep and shallow ice cores,
• satellite data,
• global and regional coupled atmosphere-ocean
  climate models
• meteorological and oceanic data
• Assess
• role of ENSO in modulating Antarctic climate
• recent climate variability
• climate change over the next 100 years
• how climate change in the Antarctic influences
  conditions elsewhere
• IPY
• test models and high-low latitude climate links
• carry out a major bi-polar shallow ice drilling
  programme.

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GLOBAL OCEAN DATA ASSIMILATION EXPERIMENT
GODAE
Objective practical demonstration of
real-time, global ocean data assimilation for
operational oceanography
To apply state-of-the-art ocean models
assimilation methods for -- short-range
open-ocean forecasts -- boundary conditions
for coastal forecasts -- initial
conditions for climate forecast models To
provide global ocean analyses and re-analyses to
improve our -- understanding of the
oceans -- assessments of the predictability
of ocean systems -- the design
effectiveness of the global ocean observing system
The ocean observing system for climate - St
Raphael, October 1999
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(No Transcript)
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For PDF version, google PRB AON
Polar Research Board U.S. National Academy of
Sciences
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AON Essential Functions (i.e., essential to all
participants)
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Thank you