New forms of work and employment and the core principle of subordination Value Flow in Network Compa

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New forms of work and employment and the
coreprinciple of subordinationValue Flow in
Network Company

• Larry Haiven
• Saint Marys University

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Old subordination

• value created mostly at factory

• Formal, then real subordination
• Subordination ?Dependency
• Production is centre of value creation (not
  consumption, distribution)

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Changes in value creation

• Change of locus
• Less standardized work arrangements
• Informatization
• Immaterial labour
• Intellectual property
• Production less dominant other moments more
• Unravelling of vertical firm move to networks

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Change of locus

• Dramatic decentralization
• Less in factory more outside (social factory)
• Boundaryless workplace boundaryless careers
  (Stone From Widgets to Digits)
• A career which unfolds unconstrained by clear
  boundaries around job activities, by fixed
  sequences of such activities, or by attachment to
  one organization. It is a career that does not
  depend on traditional notions of advancement
  within a single hierarchical orgIt includes an
  employee who moves frequently across the borders
  of different firms, such as a Silicon Valley
  technician, or a professional whose career draws
  its validation and marketability from
  professional and extra-organizational networks.

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Less standardized work arrangements

• Move away from permanent, full-time, full-year
  employment
• Move to part-time, temporary, casual employment
• Move to contracting to self-employed
• In last year 65 of new jobs in Canada temporary
  contracts or self-employment

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Informatization of value creation

• In developed countries, rapid move away from
  domination of industrial goods production
• Toward
• Convenience taste access experience time
  lifestyle management filtering decision-making
  organizing leisure management intangibles
  communities of interest relationships intimacy
• Rifkin The Age of Access
• When virtually every aspect of our being becomes
  a paid-for activity, human life itself becomes
  the ultimate commercial product, and the
  commercial sphere becomes the final arbiter of
  our personal and collective existence

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Informatization (2)

• Two models of move to postindustrial services
  (Hardt Negri Empire)
• Rapid decline in industrial jobs to rapid rise in
  service sector, esp managing capital (US, UK,
  Canada)
• Info-industrial
• Industrial employment declines less rapidly
• Informatization closely integrated to existing
  industrial production (Japan Germany)

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Immaterial labour

• Hardt Negri Empire Multitude
• line between goods services vanishes
• Interactive and cybernetic machines become a new
  prosthesis integrated into our bodies and minds
  and a lens through which to redefine our bodies
  and minds themselves. The anthropology of
  cyberspace is really a recognition of the new
  human condition.
• Three types
• Manufacturing redefined as service
• Analytical symbolic tasks
• Creative intelligent manipulation (symbolic
  analysts)
• Routine symbolic tasks
• Production and manipulation of affect human
  contact labour in bodily mode

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Intellectual property

• More individuals able to produce on their own
• E.g. music, filmmaking
• Technology allows personal production
  reproduction
• Key elements still missing
• Capital for startup
• Livelihood
• Input costs
• Career management
• Distribution of outputs

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Intellectual property (2)

• Like quicksilver
• Technology makes it easier to produce but harder
  to hold and capture value
• 2 problems
• Value flows to those with power, organization and
  access
• New technology allows leakage of valorization
  potential (piracy)
• Creators of intellectual property constant
  struggle to capture value of i.p.
• Or at least conscious positive giving it away

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Production less dominant others moments more

• Consumption patterns more important in valorizing
  surplus value
• capital is driven to successively wider and
  deeper dimensions of control toward the
  creation of a social factory. Marx had written
  of capitals tendency to subsume not only the
  workplace but also society as a whole into its
  processes. Extending this analysis Trontiargued
  that capitals growing resort to state
  intervention and technocratic control had created
  a situation where the entire society now
  functions as a moment of production.
• Growing gap so chasing refinement distinction
  among wealthier

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Other moments.

• Production reproduction of labour power more
  important
• Deepening crisis of labour power
• Internationalization of division of labour
• Underdevelopment of development development of
  underdevelopment
• Despite rises in productivity earnings stall or
  drop
• Crisis state

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Unravelling of vertical firm into networks
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Networks (2)

• Compared to old hierarchical firm, networks look
  deceivingly egalitarian
• Flow of value to power
• Castells Materials for exploratory theory of the
  network
• Value in the production process depends
  essentially on the position occupied by each
  specific labor or each specific firm in the value
  chain. The rule is individualization of the
  relationship between capital and labor.
• critical cleavage within labor becomes the one
  between networked labor and switched-off labor,
  which ultimately becomes non-labor.
• second, fundamental cleavage, between
  self-programmable labor and generic labor. For
  self-programmable labor, its individual interest
  is better served by enhancing its role in
  performing the goals of the networkWhile for
  generic labor, its strategy is survival the key
  issue becomes not be be degraded to the realm of
  discarded or devalued labor, either by
  automation, or globalization, or both.

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Value flow in network

• Less upward to top of hierarchical organization
• More inward to key nodes
• Control access to inputs and access to markets
• Best able to capture intellectual property value
• Like a gravity drawing wealth
• From single dependency to multitudinous
  dependencies
• Dependency influences flow of value
• Interests of network members sometimes coincide,
  sometimes clash

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Taxi drivers
Other Taxi drivers
Municipal Regulators
Dispatch Companies
Provincial Regulators
Automobile
Commercial inputs
Other accessories
Gasoline
Parts repairs
Customers
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Musicians
Other musicians
Impresarios/purchasers
Government agencies
Schools
Managers
Distributors
Automobile
Commercial inputs
Equipment
Record Labels
Instruments
Fans fashion
Booking agents
Intellectual Property Capture Agencies
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Intellectual Property Capture Agencies

• Mechanical royalty from sale of manufactured and
  distributed phonorecord

Cdn Musical Reproduction Rights Agency MCRRA
funded by commission of proceeds of licenses
issued

• Synchronization royalty when song is in
  commercials, TV shows or films (requires a
  licence)

Society of Composers, Authors and Music
Publishers of Canada SOCAN similar agencies
in the US Europe

• Performance royalty whenever the song is aired
  on radio, TV, in bars, restaurants, malls, over
  the telephone while youre waiting

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Film video artisans
Assistant Location Manager
Assistant Accountant
Chief Accountant
Bookkeeper
Picture Editor
Location Manager
Supervising Picture Editor
Assistant Production Manager
1st Assistant Picture Editor
Production Manager
2nd Assistant Picture Editor
Producer
Sound Editor
1st Assistant Director
Unit Manager
Set Designer
Production Designer
2nd Assistant Director
Art Director
Director
2nd Asst Art Director
3rd Assistant Director
1st Asst Art Director
Trainee Assistant Director
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Collectivities of labour

• Wagnerist model based on old hierarchical
  structure
• Enmeshed in network webs, workers must and do
  form own collectivities
• Unions only one type of collectivity
• Others e.g.
• Cooperatives
• Professional societies
• Intellectual property capture agencies
• Ethnic, gender, religious, cultural associations
• Consumer organizations

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Unions need to.(and/or)

• Realize changes transforming value creation
• Increase scope of what they do for members
• Beyond workplace citizens, consumers,
  neighbours, identities, self-employment
• Help capture intellectual property rights
• Increase scope of membership to those outside
  standard workplaces employment
• To non-standard-employed
• Even to self-employed
• Work with unions of non-standard work
  arrangements
• Work/contend with other interest associations

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Stone From Widgets to Digits

• A new craft unionism
• Organize high tech workforce on basis of common
  skills
• Offer services employers not willing to offer
• Story of NABET vs. IATSE
• NABET followed rigid, Wagnerist model as film
  video industry moving away from it
• Firm-centred, stable employment, collective terms
• Bypassed by tricks technology
• IATSE
• More fluid operation
• Represented members as insider conractors
• Embedded contract bargaining
• Encouraged mutual self-help
• Geographically-based citizen unionism

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Network unionism

• Personal service contracts
• Fight for status of artist legislation
• Framework agreement contract only union labour
  establish minimum or scale
• Provide boilerplate contracts advice
• Trust funds from industry agreeements
• Hiring hall
• Gig-based benefits (pension, insurance)
• Member-paid benefits (insurance, discounts)
• Cross-border issues
• Professional development assistance
• Public policy advocacy