Title: The validity and reliability of CPGI, SOGS, GA20 and DSMIV as measures of problem gambling in Singap
1The validity and reliability of CPGI, SOGS, GA-20
and DSM-IV as measures of problem gambling in
Singapore Principal Investigator David Arthur
(Professor Head) Alice Lee Centre for Nursing
Studies Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine Co-Investigators Ai Yun Hing
(Associate Professor)
Department of Sociology at Faculty of Arts
Social Sciences
Miharu Sagara-Rosemeyer (Assistant Professor)
Alice Lee Centre for
Nursing Studies at Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine Ee Heok Kua
(Professor Head)
Department of Psychological Medicine at
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Research
Assistants Wai Leng Tong and Chia Pei Chen
Alice Lee Centre
for Nursing Studies at Yong Loo Lin School of
Medicine 5 July 2007
2Background and Significance
- This study was conducted to
- a) Understand the local culture of gambling in
- young people
- b) Discover the prevalence of gambling problems
- among university students
- c) Develop reliable and valid measures
3Measures
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
- Disorders (DSM-IV)
- Gamblers Anonymous (GA-20)
- South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS)
- Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI)
4Demographics of the respondents
- 193 out of 212 (91.0) questionnaires answered
completely - Female students (53.3) gt male counterparts
(46.7) - 152 Aged 21 to 26 (78.8), 107 Employed (55.4)
- 158 Chinese (81.9), 13 Malay (6.7), 7 Indian
(3.6), - 9 with Other Ethnicity (4.7)
- 134 Bachelor (69.4), 11 Master (5.7), 3
Professional - degree (1.6)
- 60 with no specific religion (31), 36
Protestant (18.7), - 38 Buddhist (19.7), 11 Catholic (5.7), 16
Muslim (8.3), - 6 Hindu (3.1) and 19 with Other Religion
(9.8) - Chi-Square test shows that there were
significant differences - between age and religion by gender
5Reliability and Validity test of four
instruments Internal Consistency and Convergent
Validity
- Table 1 Reliability and Validity
test for four instruments
??Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
(2-tailed) n148 (missing values excluded)
6Reliability and Validity test of four
instruments Construct Validity
- Table 1 Reliability and Validity test for
four instruments (Continued)
Note ? p lt .05 ??plt.01 ???plt.005
7Prevalence of gambling behaviour in Singapore
university students
Table 2 Comparison of 4 instruments on
prevalence of gambling
behaviour in Singapore university students
?? Note ? p lt .05 ??plt.01 ???plt.005 gambling
categories or gambling risk level were defined
differently
8Prevalence of gambling behaviour in Singapore
university students
- Chi-Square test shows that there were significant
differences between - numbers of gamblers by each instrument
- GA-20 was able to identify more at-risk/
social gamblers - (n40, 20.7)
- DSM-IV was able to identify more
moderate/problem - gamblers (n25, 13)
- SOGS was able to identify more
Severe/Compulsive/ - Pathological Gamblers (n13, 8.7)
9Result and Discussion
- The CPGI demonstrated the highest reliability
coefficient (a0.922). - The CPGI also correlates significantly with the
DSM-IV, often considered the - gold standard(Stinchfield, 2001).
- In addition, the CPGI stood out for its
unidimensional structure as compared - to other instruments.
- Almost all the items of CPGI had factor loadings
ranging from 0.44 to 0.88. - Only one item, ? 12 is problematic (loading
value0.28). - Unfortunately, its difficulty in implementation
detracts from its use in such a - sample.
- The findings suggest that a revision of the CPGI
instrument based on - psychometric analysis catering for a local use
is important, and a reduction in - the number of items and better worded items
would improve its use.
10Limitation on this research Acknowledgement
- Definition of gambling behaviour has to be
clarified clearly. - Participants reluctance to expose their gambling
history. - The financial support came from Cross-Faculty
Research - Grant approved by National University of
Singapore. - Thanks to Dr. Tony Chan Moon Fai (BSc, PhD,
CStat, - Assistant Professor of School of Nursing at
The Hong Kong - Polytechnic University) for his advice on
statistical analysis.