Using Field Analytical Methods for Site Investigation Presented At: Pan American Studies Institute C

1
Using Field Analytical Methods for Site
Investigation Presented AtPan American Studies
Institute ConferenceJuly 23 to August 2, 2002

Presented By James Mack- New Jersey Institute of
Technology [phone] Todd Morgan- S2C2 Inc.
[phone]
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Objectives of Workshop

• Become familiar with Field Analytical Methods
  information/hands-on practice
• Understand how to use them strategically for
  faster, cheaper and more complete site
  investigations
• Assure useable-quality data for environmental
  decision-making when using Field Analytical
  Methods

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Presenters

• James MackNJIT/Strategic Use of Field Analytical
  Methods
• Todd Morgan S2C2/ Field Analytical Methods

4
History of Environmental Monitoring

• The objectives have changed
• Before 1950 - Basic survival
• 1950s - Natural Environment
• 1960s 1970s - Pollution control
• 1970s 2000 - Remediation
• 2000s - Sustainable development

5
Importance of the Site Investigation (SI)

• Identifies contaminants needing clean up
• Defines subsurface conditions (geology,
  hydrogeology, soil types)
• Basis for remediation design
• Targets area for remedial technology application
• Identifies potential receptors at risk
• Establishes level of remediation needed
• Determines success of the remediation

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Evolution of the Use of Field Methods in SIs

• Initially Field Methods were crude use of gas
  sampling technology/test kits
• Considered screening level data (i.e.first cut
  look at site)
• Increased regulatory oversight drives need for
  standardization of SI process
• Mid 1980s to 1990s emphasis on definitive data
  from approved lab methods
• 1990s technology improves Field Methods gain
  acceptance (standard methods)
• Today- Reliable Field Methods are changing how
  SIs are performed ( Triad Approach)

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Analytical Methods

• Traditional off-site laboratory analysis
• Use approved standard methods (i.e. SW-846)
• Extensive data QA/QC
• Field Analytical Methods
• make measurements on-site (in-situ) using
  instruments, kits or sensors
• Portable,
  Easy use
• Reliable
  Approved methods
• Real time information
  Verifiable

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Why Field Analysis?

• Increased efficiency
• Real-time information
• Monitoring of remedial actions
• Non-intrusive characterization identification
• Reduced/focused or remedial efforts

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Field Analytical Methods Advantages

• Allows for quick results
• Often less expensive
• Reduces trips to the site
• Reduces number of samples sent off-site for
  analysis
• Allows for sampling flexibility and more samples
  to be taken

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Field Analytical MethodsLimitations

• Getting government approval
• Requires experienced scientists in the field
• Requires knowledge of site history
• Knowledge of site stratigraphy and contamination
  Off-site Lab confirmation required (small portion
  of samples
• Start-up costs sometimes higher (purchase of
  instruments)

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Types of Field Analytical Methods Discussed

• Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrography
• Immunoassay Kits
• Ultraviolet Florescence
• X-ray Fluorescence
• Colorimetric Tests
• Probes Other Devices

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The Use of Field Methods in Site Investigations

• Real Time Data Provided by Field Methods
  Improves the Effectiveness of Site Investigations

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Strategic Use of Field Analytical Methods in Site
Investigations

• Step Process to more strategic site
  investigations, using field analytical methods
• Step 1 Systematic Planning
• Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan Preparation
• Step 3 Implementation using Real Time
• Data Field Decision Making
  
• Step 4 Data Evaluation QA/QC

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Purpose of a Site Investigation

• Identify contaminants of concern
• Delineation of the extent of contamination
  impacts
• Identify risk from contamination
• Determine remedial action requirements

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Example Case-Study

• Site in Newark, New Jersey
• Drum Recycling and Cleaning
• Six Areas of Concern (AOC's)
• Contaminants of concern (COCs) are
• Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Chlorinated solvents
• Metals Lead, arsenic and cadmium

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Example Case Study

• Property has strong real estate value
• Redevelop into warehouse distribution center
• New facility need to be operational in one year
• Clean up to industrial standards (excavate hot
  spots, cap, institutional controls)
• SI objectives are to delineate hot spots quickly
  and in one mobilization
• Use field analytical methods to accomplish goals

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Importance of Systematic Planning
• - Ensures that the end goals are clearly defined
• - Ensures that most resource effective means are
  used to achieve the goals
• - Forces stakeholders to translate project goals
  into realistic technical objectives (creates
  communication)
• - Identifies decisions needed to achieve project
  goals and strategies to manage decision
  uncertainty

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Components of Planning Process
• Look at Historic Information about the site
• Identify what contaminants may exist
• Identify areas of concern by analysis of past use
  activities
• Identify what measurement and sampling techniques
  you will employ
• Develop a conceptual site model (CSM)

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Sources of site history/background information
• Old aerial photographs
• Compliance records
• Interviews with employees
• Manufacturing process/disposal records
• Fire insurance maps

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Step1 Systematic Planning

• Define Possible Areas of Concern (AOC's)
• Discharge points/chemicals discharged
• Fuel or chemical storage tanks/spills
• Spills/stains unknown chemicals
• Waste disposal/mixed chemicals
• Lagoons/chemicals embedded in sludge

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Define Possible Chemicals of Concern (COCs)
• - Site History/Operational Records
• - Estimate volume/amount released and time
  frame
• - Solubility/Discharge pattern will define
  distribution
• ( soil only or migrate to
  groundwater)
• - What are action levels or clean up levels for
  COCs?

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Step 1 Systematic Planning
Common forms of environmental contamination
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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
• Blend AOC's/COCs with site conditions
• Geology
• Climatology
• Hydrogeology
• Water supply
• Surface features
• Defines potential migration pathways for COCs
• Identifies potential receptors at risk from COCs

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Contents of CSM Description
• - Brief site summary
• - Historical information
• - Site maps/photographs
• - Discussion of possible source COCs
• - Cross section of site geology/hydrology
• - Source/pathway/receptor diagrams
• - Description of pathway potential receptors

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Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Purpose of CSM
• - Used to test/refine hypotheses during field
  activities
• - Field methods produce new information in real
  time to feed into CSM
• - Expedites interpretation revision of CSM
• - CSM matures as site investigation progresses
• - CSM basis for determination that SI has met
  project objectives and demob from field

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Establish Data Quality Objectives (DQOs)
• DQOs are statements that define project specific
  decision goals (qualitative or quantitative).
  These guide the development of sampling and
  analysis plans designed to produce the right
  kind of data to support project objective.

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Data Quality Objectives (DQOs)
• - Goal oriented statements that establish
  technical requirements for the creation of
  project decision quality data
• - Express what project decisions the data will
  support
• - Should not specify how data will be
  generated
• - Distinguish between DQOs and data quality

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Step 1 Systematic Planning
Example of a DQO Statement- The measurement
method to be chosen for this project must be able
to detect compounds X,Y and Z in groundwater at a
minimum detection limit of 10 ppb with a recovery
range of 80-120 and a precision of 20 RSD
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Step 1 Systematic Planning Seven Stages of DQO
Planning

• Step 1 State the problem to be addressed
• Step 2 Identify the decision(s) to be made
• Step 3 Identify all the inputs to the
  decision(s)
• Step 4 Narrow the boundaries of the study
• Step 5 Develop a decision rule(s)
• Step 6 Develop uncertainty constraints
• Step 7 Optimize the design for obtaining data

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Data Quality
• - Data Quality requirements are established by
  the DQOs
• - Data Quality ability of data to provide the
  type of information that meets users needs
• - Must distinguish analytical method from Data
  Quality (just one part)
• - Data Quality does not simply equate to a lab
  method
• - Data Quality is whole sampling/analysis chain

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Data Quality
• Good Data Quality is achieved when all components
  of sampling/analysis chain are managed
• Analytical methods are component of Data Quality,
  but not entire basis
• Field Lab methods can work in unison to achieve
  quality data

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Data Quality- Some Terms
• Decision Quality Data data know to be effective
  for project decision making
• Screening Quality Data some useful information
  provided but to uncertain to support decision
  making alone
• Collaborative Data Sets distinct data sets (of
  varying analytical quality) used in concert with
  each other to co-manage sampling and/or
  analytical uncertainties to an acceptable level

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Step 1 Systematic PlanningSummary-DQOs vs. DQ

• Data Quality Objectives (DQOs)
• Broad statements about measurement requirements
  needed to achieve project objectives
• Data Quality (DQ)
• Information of known quality obtained from
  sampling and analysis that is representative of
  the site and sufficient to make defensible
  decisions within stated project objectives

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Step 1 Systematic Planning

• Define overall characterization objectives end
  goals
• Identify the data need to support decisions
• Define the spatial and temporal boundaries to
  study area
• Identify specific receptors at risk
• Determine limits on sample collection
• Identify clean up action levels

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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan

• A guidance document that provides a framework for
  implementing an adaptive or flexible SI based
  upon field decision making

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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan

• What is a Dynamic Work Plan?
• - Guidance document for making in the field
  decisions on subsequent site activities
• - Provides regulator approved decision trees
  that define rules for adaptive or flexible
  sampling
• - Supported by real time data collected,
  analyzed and interpreted in the field
• - Implemented by experienced personnel empowered
  to make decisions based upon decision logic in WP

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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan

• Elements of a Dynamic Work Plan
• Identification of field team
• Sampling Strategies
• Decision Rules
• Communication Plan
• Sample Collection Technologies
• Quality Assurance Plan (QAP)
• SOPs
• Health and Safety Plan
• Data management plan

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Step 2Dyanamic Work Plan Technical Team

• Assemble the project team by getting the right
  people involved
• May include statistician, chemist, hydrologist,
• biologist, etc.

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanSampling Strategies

• Factors that need to be considered when doing an
  assessment
• What kind of sample?
• Grab samples
• Composite samples
• Representative samples
• Sampling methods
• Sampling frequency
• Sampling location
• Sampling pattern

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanSampling Strategies
Cont

• Develop a sampling plan
• Identify locations for sampling
• Identify decision logic used to select sample
  locations
• Sample splits
• Field methods can screen sites rapidly and focus
  sampling efforts
• Data quality needs to be considered with samples
  collected and analyzed either in the field or at
  a laboratory MUST BE A PART of your SAMPLING
  STRATEGY

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanDecision Rules

• If-then type statements
• Define an action and alternative
• Used to guide the investigation and anticipate
  questions that arise
• Based on field measurement value as compared to
  an action level
• Analytical instruments detection levels must
  meet action levels required

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanDecision Rules Cont

• Field sampling analysis technologies generate
  real time data which is the basis for the
  decision process
• Example
• If XRF sampling data from a 50 x 100 foot area
  indicates that the mean level of lead in soil is
  gt250 ppm (lead action level 250 ppm), then an
  additional 6 inches of soil will be excavated.

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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan

• Additional Examples of Decision Rules
• If real time conductivity probe information
  indicates a sharp contact between historic fill
  and native soil then collect soil samples
  immediately above and below the contact depth
• If hot spot delineation samples are above project
  specific action levels then step out 10 feet in
  appropriate directions and resample

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanReal Time Data

• The basis of a Dynamic Work Plan is real time
  decision making
• Real time decisions need real time data
• Real time decision allows for a seamless flow of
  information during investigation
• Results fewer mobs, less cost, more efficient

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanSample Collection and
Analytical Technologies

• Wide variety of field tools and methods
  available
• Sampling tools must be chose to match the site
  conditions
• Field analytical methods compatible with COCs
• Real time analysis critical to successful
  dynamic work plan
• In all cases, the tools chosen must generate data
  of KNOWN quality

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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan

• Sample Collection Technologies and In Field
  Sensors

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanSampling Collection
Technologies

• Conventional Drilling Techniques
• Auger
• Rotary
• Sonic
• Direct-push (hydraulic) Techniques
• Cone penetrometer
• Hammer/push

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Step 2 Work PlanSample Collection Technologies

• Auger drilling
• Most common drilling method
• Useful for subsurface soil description and
• sampling of soil groundwater
• Sensors or samples are advanced ahead of the
  cutting bit
• Cannot be used in consolidated bedrock

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Geoprobe
6600 flatbed
model
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Step 2 Work PlanSample Collection Technologies

• Rotary drilling
• Generally applied to soils that contain boulders
  or in bedrock conditions
• Uses drilling fluids to maintain hole integrity
• Produces drilling mud wastes that will need
  handling
• Sonic drilling
• Uses vibration to drive sampling tool
• More expensive than other methods
• Produces less waste

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Step 2 Work PlanSample Collection Technologies

• Cone penetrometer method
• Can use physical and chemical sensors
• Static reaction force/pressed into ground
• real-time analysis with sensors
• Direct Push/Hammer method
• Uses static force and dynamic loading
• Smaller more portable
• Collect groundwater and soil samples

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Step 2 Work PlanCone Penetrometer Truck
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Geoprobe
6600/PC111
model
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Geoprobe
5410
model
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Geoprobe
540B
model
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Dual Tube 21 Soil Sampling System
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Collecting Soil Samples from Push Technology Soil
Cores
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Dual Tube Profiler
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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanIn Field Sensors

• Sensors can be attached to push units to collect
  real time data on subsurface conditions
• Examples of sensors are
• soil conductivity
• laser induce florescence (LIF)
• MIPS, etc

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanIn Field Sensors

• Soil Conductivity Sensor
• Used to determine soil lithology
• Driven into soil by push unit rig
• Measures soil electrical conductance
• Real time readout allows identification of soil
  strata changes in the field
• Also will identify unusual zones in soil or fill
• Field decision to focus sampling at strata
  interfaces or at soil anomalies

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Conductivity Probe for Real Time Soil Stratigraphy
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Field Computer Used to Perform Real Time
Interpretation of
Conductivity Probe Data
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Electrical Conductivity Log
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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan In Field Sensors

• Fuel Florescence Sensor
• Rapid delineation of aromatic hydrocarbons
• Map a fuel spill plume
• Detects florescence produced by fuels when
  excited by UV light
• Probe pushed by CPT or push unit rig
• Continuous real time measurement over entire
  depth
• Data viewed graphically in real time on computer
  screen

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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan In Field Sensors

• Permeable Membrane Interface Probe
• Determine position and approx. concentration of
  VOCs in soil
• Tool is driven into soil with push unit
• Membrane window on probe
• VOCs in soil/liquid adsorb on to membrane
• Diffuse across membrane into probe
• Carried to surface by gas sweep
• Detector at surface used to measure VOC
  concentration

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Membrane Interface Probe and Log
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Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)
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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan

• Direct Push Installed Microwells
• Small diameter prepacked wells that can be
  installed with push unit
• Rapid, inexpensive method for groundwater
  sampling
• Studies by US Navy has shown sampling results to
  be comparable to conventional wells

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Prepacked Screen
Monitoring Wells
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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan

• Field Analytic Methods (FAMs)

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Step 2 Dynamic Work Plan

• Common accepted FAMs will be discussed
• Some have formal USEPA SW-846 acceptance
• Many are modifications of standard methods
• Available from range of vendors

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Field Gas ChromatographyLevels of Sophistication

• Field screening i.e. OVM,OVA,Hnu
• Field GC i.e. Photovac
• Field portable i.e. Tri-Corder, Viking
• Field Transportable i.e. laboratory grade GC
  GC/MS

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Field Gas Chromatography Methods

• Miniaturized, rugged version of a laboratory GC
• Consists of injection port, isothermal column,
  carrier-gas, column, data system and detector
• A mixture of analytes are moved through the
  column and separated, then detected by a detector
  system (ECD Electron Capture Detector, ELCD
  Electrolytic Conductivity Detector, TCD Thermal
  Conductivity Detector, NPD Nitrogen-Phosphorus
  Detector, Mass Spectrometer)

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Field portable Photovac GC operated out of the
back of a van
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Field prepared sample extracts for injection into
field GC
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Field portable GC/MS System
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Direct Sampling Ion Mass Spectrometry (DSITMS)

• Newly approved method for measuring VOCs in soil,
  water, soil gas gas (method 8265)
• Rapid quantitative measurement, continuous real
  time monitoring
• Sample materials are introduced directly into ion
  trap MS
• Little sample preparation no chromatographic
  separation
• Response of instrument is nearly instantaneous
• Instrument is rugged relatively easy to operate
  maintain

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Tri-Corders Environmental, Inc.
Direct Sampling Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
(DSITMS)
Instrument
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Tri-Corders DSITMS Rig
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Field Mobile Laboratories

• Transport laboratory grade instruments to field
• Run standard method or modified methods
• Full range of analytical parameters
• Integrates with FAMs to provided QA/QC backup
  low detection limits

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Field Transportable GCs GC/MS
Interior of Mobile Laboratory Showing GC and
GC/MS
Equipment
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Field Gas Chromatography Applications

• Compounds Identified
• VOCs
• SVOCs
• PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, herbicides, dioxin,
  phenols phthalates, amines, amides
• Extraction Methods
• Soxhlet, liquid-liquid, or sonication
• Abbreviated field methods
• Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)
• Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)

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Field Gas ChromatographyApplications

• Media Analyzed
• Ambient Air Gases
• Soil Gas
• Liquids
• Soil by extraction

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Field Gas ChromatographyAdvantages

• Rapid turnaround of results
• Cost effective
• Provides real-time information
• Flexible
• Provide compound specific identification of COCs

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Field Gas ChromatographyLimitations

• Requires higher level of operator sophistication
• Data comparability i.e. Head space vs. purge
  trap
• Collaborative data may be required
• Performance may be impacted by sample preparation

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Field Gas ChromatographyData Quality

• Operator experience fundamentally impacts data
  quality
• Requires calibration curve
• Blanks mid-level cal checks as needed
• Sample preparation techniques will greatly impact
  performance
• Soil head space data considered order of
  magnitude level

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Field Gas ChromatographyExamples of Vendors

• Perkin Elmer formerly Photovac
• Inficon
• Viglent formerly MIT Analytical Instruments
• SRI Instruments
• Sensidyne, Inc.

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Immunoassay

• Takes advantage of the ability of antibodies to
  selectively bind to the target analytes in a
  sample matrix, such as soil and water.
• Very selective and compound specific is capable
  of giving very low detection limits for a variety
  of compound classes

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Immunoassay
Schematic of Antibody - Antigen Interaction  
                                                  
         
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Immunoassay Operation

• Antibody-coating
• Sample and enzyme conjugate addition
• Competitive binding reaction
• Color formation
• Measurement of color

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Immunoassay Analytes and DLs
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ImmunoassayAdvantages

• Field Portable
• Little training time
• Rapid
• Inexpensive
• Wide range of analytes
• Low detection limits

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ImmunoassayLimitations

• Prior knowledge of analytes present at site
• Reagents may need to be refrigerated
• Cross reactivity to similar compounds (false
  positives)
• Semi quantitative analysis in some cases
• Under certain circumstances not compound specific

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ImmunoassayExamples of Vendors

• Strategic Diagnostics a wide assortment of
  tests
• BioNebraska Inc. mercury test
• New Horizons Diagnostics SMART Test

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Ultraviolet (UV) Florescence

• Used to measure variety of petroleum hydrocarbons
  in soil and water
• Compounds include TPH fuel oils, PAHs, BTEX, PCBs
  and diesel fuel
• Samples are first extracted in solvent and the
  analyzed on a portable ultraviolet fluorometer
• High sample throughput, low measurement cost

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Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence

• Theory of operation
• Relies on the electronic configuration of the
  molecular structure of COC
• Aromatic hydrocarbons excite and emit energy at
  specific wavelengths
• Fluorescence response of sample is quantified by
  UVF instrument
• Instrument is calibrated using certified
  standards sensitive to the wavelengths of
  interest

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Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence
Ultraviolet fluorescence equipment in field
laboratory
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Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence

• Advantages
• High sample throughput (5 min per sample)
• Ease to use
• Low measurement cost (less than 20/sample)
• Detection limits as low as 50 to 100 ppb
• Compares well to conventional methods

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Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence

• Disadvantages
• Not compound specific (measures groups of
  compounds)
• Subject to matrix interference due to spectral
  overlap of different luminescent compounds
• Difficulty in distinguishing individual compound
  groups in samples with a broad range of
  hydrocarbons

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Ultraviolet (UV) Fluorescence

• QA/QC
• Chose a UVF calibration to best match the most
  dominant source of contamination
• Periodically analyze 1 or 2 calibration standards
  as if they were samples to test for instrument
  drift
• Periodically check Methanol by running a solvent
  blank
• Keep glass cuvette clean of excess liquid or
  fingerprints
• Before running samples perform 5 point
  calibration using supplied standards

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Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
NHSRC

• Scope and application
• Metals in soil and sediment
• Lead in paint and house dust
• Metals in air filters
• Metals in water

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X-Ray Fluorescence

• Theory of Operation
• Sealed radioisotope source used to irradiate
  sample with x-rays
• Electrons in atomic structure adsorb x-rays
• Electron is ejected from atom
• Vacancy created from electron being ejected is
  filled by a more outer shell electron
• In dropping to lower energy level, electron gives
  off energy in form of x-rays
• Energy is characteristic to a particular metal,
  which is identified by detector
• Number of x-rays detected is concentration

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X-Ray Fluorescence

• Three modes of Sample Analysis
• Point and Shoot mode is when instrument is
  placed directly on soil and reading taken
• Plastic bag mode is when sample is place in
  plastic bag and reading is taken through bag
• Prepared bulk sample is when sample is dried,
  ground and sieved before analysis.
• Sample preparation minimizes effects of moisture,
  large partial size and partial size variation

105
X-Ray Fluorescence
Instrument being used in point and shoot mode
106
X-Ray Fluorescence
Soil sample being analyzed using plastic bag
method
107
X-Ray Fluorescence Interferences
NHSRC

• Physical matrix effects
• Moisture content
• Inconsistent positioning of samples
• Chemical matrix effects (absorption and
  enhancement phenomena)
• Spectral interferences (peak overlaps)

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X-Ray FluorescenceGeneral Detection Limits

• Detection Limits- 60 sec test
• sand matrix SRM matrix
• Cr 220 ppm 420 ppm
• Zn 40 ppm 70 ppm
• Ni 100 ppm 210 ppm
• As 20 ppm 25 ppm
• Pb 20 ppm 30 ppm
• Hg 25 ppm 40 ppm
• Cd 35 ppm 50 ppm
• Cu 70 ppm 100 ppm
• Co 120 ppm 380 ppm

• Detection Limits- 120 sec test
• sand matrix SRM matrix
• Cr 150 ppm 300 ppm
• Zn 25 ppm 50 ppm
• Ni 70 ppm 150 ppm
• As 10 ppm 15 ppm
• Pb 10 ppm 20 ppm
• Hg 15 ppm 25 ppm
• Cd 25 ppm 35 ppm
• Cu 50 ppm 60 ppm
• Co 80 ppm 270 ppm

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X-Ray Fluorescence QA/QC
NHSRC

• Energy calibration checks
• Blanks
• Instrument
• Method
• Calibration verification checks
• Precision
• Detection limits dependent upon sample
  preparation
• Reporting results i.e. sample preparation
  analysis time

110
X-Ray Fluorescence Advantages

• Portable
• Fast analysis
• Multi-element analysis technique
• No waste generated
• Easy to operate
• Little sample preparation
• Nondestructive technique
• Low cost of operation

111
X-Ray FluorescenceLimitations

• Relatively high detection limits
• Sample preparation dependent
• Matrix-variable results (interferences)
• Mostly applicable to soil rather than water
• Radioactive sources requires special permits

112
X-Ray Fluorescence Examples of Vendors

• Advanced Analytical Products Services
• NITON Corporation
• Assoma Instruments Inc.
• Metorex Inc.
• Rigaku/USA, Inc.
• Spectrace

113
Colorimetric Indicator Tubes

• Primarily used for Health and Safety these kits
  provide on-site rapid detection of a wide range
  of contaminants in soil, air and water. They
  have relatively low costs too.

114
Colorimetric Indicator Tubes
115
Colorimetric Indicator TubesOperation

• Theory of operation varies for each kit but most
  use a color change when the substance is present
  or not. The degree of color is typically
  proportional in some way to the concentration

116
Colorimetric Indicator TubesApplications

• Used for Health and Safety
• Monitors Air contaminants
• Measures VOCs and other gases

117
Colorimetric Indicator TubesAdvantages

• Quick
• Inexpensive
• Does not require a trained operator
• Wide range of contaminants
• Wide range of matrices

118
Colorimetric Indicator TubesLimitations

• Typically qualitative
• Does require some training
• Potential interference
• Non specific
• Color-blind - impossible

119
Colorimetric Indicator Tubes Examples of Vendors

• Hanby Field Test Kits
• Dexsil Co.
• Chlor-N-Oil
• Chlor-N-Soil
• PetroFLAG
• AccuSensor
• Envirol Quick Test
• Hanna Instruments
• Neogen Corp.
• CHEMetrics

120
Laser induced Fluorescence

• LIF provides a real-time, in situ, field
  screening of petroleum hydrocarbons in subsurface
  soil and groundwater. This method can guide an
  investigation or removal or delineate boundaries
  of subsurface contamination prior to installing
  monitoring wells or taking soil samples

121
Laser induced Fluorescence
122
Laser induced FluorescenceOperation

• Laser excitation
• Transmission of signal back to the truck
• Analysis of data
• Static mode
• On the fly
• Geophysical information combined with analytical
  data

123
Laser induced FluorescenceApplication

• Measures TPH, PAHs and other organics that
  fluoresce
• SCAPS (Site Characterization and Analysis
  Penetrometer System)
• ROST (Rapid Optical Screening Tool)
• Uses Lasers down hole device on the fly
  measurement

124
Fluorescence Fiber Optic AnalyzersApplication

• Measures TPH, BTEX and PAHs to the ppb level
  on-site
• Simple to use
• Need to perform instrument calibration
• Need preliminary GC/MS data to develop
  correlation
• Can look at various groups of PAHs if combined
  with chromatography

125
Laser induced Fluorescence

• Advantages
• Rapid Real-time data
• Spatial resolution
• No drill cuttings
• Limitations
• Poor quantitative correlation
• Cost on small projects
• Stratigraphy constraints
• Depth
• Potential interferences

126
Laser induced Fluorescence Examples of Vendors

• FCI Environmental Inc.
• Geotech Environmental Equipment Inc.
• Gregg Drilling and Testing Inc.
• Noverflo Inc.
• O.K. Optik Keramik Technologies
• Osmonics
• Savannah River Technology Center
• Applied Research Associates

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Analyze Immediately Parameters

• Probed sensors designed to give immediate
  information
• Now available with multiple sensors on one probe
• Example In Situ Troll 9000 Low Flow Sampling
  System
• One probe DO, conductivity, temp, pH, ORP,
  salinity, depth, turbidity, TDS
• Field download to data logger or computer for
  instant readouts or trend analysis
• Used for water quality profiling/surveys, GW
  sampling long term monitoring

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Water Quality Parameters

• Simple field based water quality tests for up to
  50 parameters
• Test for dissolved metals, pH, sulfides,
  hardness, nitrate, COD and many more
• Colorimetric or photometric analysis using
  pre-measured reagents
• Need to know expected range of target parameter
  concentration to select correct kit
• Parameter specific kits available if testing for
  limited number of analytes

129
Emerging Field Analytical Technologies

• Primarily originate from USDOD USDOE research
  activities
• Development of sensors for in-situ analysis of
  specific analytes such as Cr6 BTEX
• Development of field deployable methods for to
  locate DNAPL in subsurface
• Development of improved computer visualization of
  field generated data

130
Dynamic Work Plan

• Selecting the Appropriate Field Analytical
  Methods (FAMs)

131
Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanFAM Selection

• Important Selection Considerations
• Method detection limits vs. action levels
• Compound specific vs. groups of compounds
• Training requirements
• Performance history
• 3rd party verification
• Ease of use

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Step 2Dynamic Work Plan FAM Selection

• Additional Consideration Items
• -Availability/vendor support
• -Cost/time advantage
• -Maximum sample through-put rate
• -Regulatory acceptability
• -Matrix compatibility
• -Approved SOPs

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanFAM Selection Process

• Identify the compounds requiring analysis
• Identify matrix (soil, water, air, sediments)
• Identify regulatory action levels needed to be
  achieved
• Identify appropriate FAMs
• Evaluate FAMs based upon selection criteria
• If necessary, perform site specific pilot test

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Step 2 Dynamic Work PlanFAM Selection Process

• Pilot Test to Demonstrate FAM Performance
• Collect several representative site samples
• Collect from various matrix and range of
  anticipate COC concentrations
• Prepare samples as per FAM field procedures
• Analyze samples using FAM along with appropriate
  QA/QC samples
• Confirm results with standard fixed baser methods
• Evaluate results using statistical comparison

135
Step 2Dynamic Work planQuality Assurance Plan
(QAP)

• Elements of a QAP
• Define project objective
• Establish data requirements (I.e. action level
• Discuss sampling rational and approach
• Define sampling methods
• Define analytical methods
• Identify quality control procedures
• Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
• Data management procedures
• Data validation methods

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Step 2 Dynamic Work plan QAP FAM data quality
concerns

• Sample representativeness
• Matrix interferences
• Method calibrations
• Instrument stability
• Ability of operator
• Adherence to Method/SOPs
• Documentation defensibility/record keeping
• Defined accuracy precision

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Step 2 Work plan Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPs)

• Used to establish protocols and procedures for
  sampling and analysis
• Why are SOPs important?
• Provides necessary control of data quality
• Uniform methods for instrument operation
• Identify QA/QC steps
• Identification of method modifications

138
Step 2 Work planExamples of SOPs

• Sample chain of custody procedures
• Field log book documentation
• Sample storage, preservation and handling
• Soil sampling using direct push methods
• Groundwater sampling from monitoring wells
• Use of XRF for the determination of metal
  concentrations in soil and sediment
• Soil screening for PAHs by immunoassay
• VOCs in soil using equilibrium headspace analysis

139
Step 2 Work plan SOPs Cont..

• Include copies of the SOPs in the work plan for
  reference by field team

140
Step 2 Work plan Health and Safety Plan (HSP)

• Defines protective clothing/gear
• Identifies emergency procedures
• Establishes site safety officer and decision
  making responsibility
• Discusses hazards of potential contaminants of
  concern
• Identifies safety monitoring equipment and
  procedures

141
Step 3 Field Implementation

• Taking the Dynamic Work Plan to the Field and
  Performing a FAM Based Program

142
STEP 3 Field Implementation

• YOUR IN THE FIELD!
• Mobilization
• Field communication
• Field quality control
• Field data management
• Data feedback loop

143
STEP 3 Field ImplementationMobilization

• Organization of field team
• Acquire field methods/instruments
• Subcontractors (drilling, soil sampling,
  instrumentation, surveying)
• Access/utility mark out
• Field laboratory setup

144
STEP 3 Field ImplementationField Communication

• Identify all parties who contribute to decisions
  (stakeholders)
• Establish chain of decision command
• Identify key decision maker (field team leader)
• Arrange for regular communication times (i.e. at
  end of each day)
• Establish mode of communication (i.e. radio, cell
  phone, internet)

145
STEP 3 Field Implementation Field Data
Management

• Proper data handling
• Recording information
• Ensuring proper sample transfer
• Comparing field results to the laboratory
• Confirmation
• How much do you need?
• Data storage/display

146
Step 3 Field ImplementationConceptual Site Model

• Daily Cycle to Refine CSM
• Step 1- Collect samples at location identified
  during previous day planning
• Step 2- Analyze sample with appropriate FAMs
• Step 3- Evaluate results within the context of
  the site CSM
• Step 4 IF results complete CSM picture then
  move to next study location
• IF results do not complete CSM picture plan
  next days sampling program
• Step 5- Continue until site wide CSM is
  complete enough to meet project objectives

147
Data Quality vs. Information
148
Improve Decision Quality--Manage Uncertainties
From This
To This
149
Marrying Analytical Methods to Make Sound
Decisions Involving Heterogeneous Matrices
Costly definitive analytical methods
Cheaper/screening analytical methods
Collaborative Data
150
Step 3 Field ImplementationUse of Collaborative
Data

• Blended data sets that compliment each other
• Sample representativeness is managed by high
  density sampling using cheaper methods
• Analytical uncertainty is managed by using more
  rigorous methods
• Together these data sets remove uncertainty,
  providing decision quality data
• Usually more cost effective than using a single
  technique to manage sampling analytical
  uncertainty

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Step 3 Field Implementation Field Decision
Assist Software

• Spatial Analysis and Decision Assistance (SADA)
• Downloadable modules to assist data
  visualization, statistical analysis, sampling
  design decision analysis
• http//www.sis.utk.edu/cis/sada
• Field Integrated Environmental Location Decision
  Support (FIELDS) software
• Integrates various information systems (GIS,
  GPS, imaging, etc) to facilitate site
  characterization decision making
• http//www.epa.gov/region5filds

153
STEP 3 Field ImplementationConfirmation/Verific
ation Samples

• Delineate extent of impacted area
• Establish clean zone
• Used to obtain regulatory approval
• Define end points of investigation
• Usually require standard methods analysis with
  full QA/QC documentation
• Number will depend upon the information value of
  the collaborative data set

154
Step 4 Data Evaluation Reporting

• Telling the World What You Just Found Out About
  the Site

155
Step 4 Data Evaluation Reporting

• Data validation/usability verification
• Compiling Assembling Data
• Integrate data into the CSM
• Verify assumptions
• Generate findings/conclusions
• Reporting results

156
Step 4 Data Evaluation ReportingData
Validation

• Review data vs. study objectives DQOs
• Review implemented sampling vs. DWP decision
  rules
• Do decision rules support sampling sequence
  patterns
• Review field documentation for completeness
• Evaluate sample blanks for field contamination
• Review FAM applications with regard to SOP
  specified QA/QC procedures

157
Step 4 Data Evaluation ReportingData
Validation

• Evaluate data against instrument performance
  criteria
• Review confirmation/verification sample results
  relative to FAM performance
• Review confirmation/verification sample results
  relative to site specified action levels
• This is an analysis of data usability

158
Step 4 Data Evaluation ReportingData
Compiling Assembly

• Organize data
• Tables, databases, boring logs, etc
• Display data
• Maps, GIS, cross sections
• visualization/imaging
• Reduce data
• Identify important data
• Calculations to support data (i.e. GW flow rates)

159
Step 4 Data Evaluation ReportingData
Interpretation

• Statistical tests
• Comparison against action levels
• Verify CSM assumptions
• Refine CSM based upon delineations
• Compare findings to original objectives
• Evaluate receptor exposure
• Develop conclusions

160
Step 4 Data Evaluation Reporting Data
Interpretation

• Statistical test
• Select the statistical hypothesis test
• Identify key assumptions that underlie the test
• One sample tests are used when comparing sample
  results from a single data set against a fixed
  threshold value such as an action limit
• Two sample test are used when comparing sample
  results from two data sets such as comparing
  concentrations of samples at a site with off site
  background concentrations of contaminants

161
Step 4 Data Evaluation ReportingData
Interpretation

• Verifying the Assumptions
• Determine if statistical test can be used for the
  data set
• Identify an approach to verifying the key
  assumptions
• Perform the tests necessary to verify assumptions
• Identify corrective actions if necessary

162
Step 4 Data Evaluation Reporting Data
Interpretation

• Drawing Conclusions based on the data
• Perform the appropriate statistical tests
• Evaluate information completeness with regard to
  original project objectives
• Evaluate the performance of the sampling design
  to achieve project objectives
• Evaluate exposure scenarios
• Evaluate delineation vs. action levels

163
Step 4 Data Evaluation ReportingConclusions

• Did original AOC's create impacts above action
  levels?
• If impacts have occurred, have they been
  delineated to action levels?
• What is the appropriate remedial approach?
• Is there enough data to design cost remedial
  approach?
• Are receptors at risk and level of risk?

164
Step 4 Data Evaluation ReportingReporting

• Organize data into tables, graphs, figures
• Refine conceptual model
• Discuss usability of data
• Develop text to describe the data and finding
• Prepare draft for review

165
Summary

• The performance of Field Analytical Methods
  (FAMs) have significantly improved over the last
  five years
• FAMs, combined with field decision making
  (dynamic work plans) greatly improve the
  efficiency of site investigations (SIs)
• Conceptual site model is constantly upgraded as
  new site data is developed

166
Summary

• SIs that rely on dynamic work plans must be
  designed to produce decision quality data in
  the field
• Collaborative data sets are the basis for
  creating decision quality data
• Regulatory acceptance for this type of an
  approach to implementing SIs is growing

167
Exercise- Case Study

• Remember the Case Study?
• Will use it to do the exercise
• Focus on the Underground (USTs) Tank Area
• Four USTs excavated removed- known to have
  leaked
• Delineate BTEX impacts in soil GW

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Field Analytical Method

• Will use the DTECH BTEX Test Kit (SDI)
• Designed to provide quick, reliable semi
  quantitative test results
• Based upon immunoassay technology
• Develops a color that is inversely proportional
  to concentration of BTEX in sample
• Measures soil in PPM and water in PPB
• One kit contains does four tests

169
DTECH Test ProcedureSoils

• Break up soil so it is fairly uniform
• Perform extraction using DTECH BTEX Soil
  Extraction Pac procedures
• Transfer extract to DTECH BTEX Test Kit
  workstation
• Mix extract with various reagents as per test kit
  instructions
• Interpret results using kit supplied color card