The accurately surveyed Carte de France reveals the inaccuracies of previous national maps of France

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The accurately surveyed Carte de France reveals
the inaccuracies of previous national maps of
France.
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Week 1 - Introduction

• Historical views and conceptions of the map
  (continued)
• Many countries national mapping programs
  followed the pioneer efforts of the Cassinis and
  began accurate map production. These include
  Britains Ordnance Survey maps followed by the
  USGS topographic maps a century later.
• Meanwhile, another form of maps began in the 18th
  century.
• Cartographers began mapping themes other than
  just landform. These maps are now called
  thematic maps. Each map has a specific theme
  of information. Some of these theme are rather
  abstract.
• One of the earliest of these thematic maps is the
  1693 Magnetic Variation Index map of the World by
  Sir Edmond Halley (1656-1742).

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Week 1 - Introduction

• Historical views and conceptions of the map
  (continued)
• Edmond Halley of the Halley Comet fame. He was
  the astronomer and physicist who predicted the
  return of the comet every 76 years.
• But he also traveled extensively and observed
  magnetic variations in different parts of the
  world and global weather patterns.

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Edmond Halleys Magnetic Variation Index map of
the world
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Edmond Halley also made a world map of trade
winds and monsoons in 1686. The map here is the
Atlantic portion of the map showing prevalent
wind directions.
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Edmond Halleys map of the path of the eclipse of
the sun in 1715. Although Halley was more known
as an astronomer, but scientists of the time
generally excelled in various different
disciplines.
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French cartographer, Philippe Buache, made this
first bathymetric (underwater contours) map of
the English Channel in 1752. The cross-section
of the Strait of Dover is depicted on top.
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German cartographer, Eberhard Happel published
this thematic map of ocean currents in 1708
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Carl Ritter, a famous German geographer, produced
this map in 1805 showing the distribution of wild
trees and shrubs.
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Another important German geographer, Alexander
von Humboldt, complied much information about the
physical world, but it was his cartographer
colleague, Heinrich Berghaus who created the
first volume of the Physikalischer Atlas
(Physical Atlas) in 1845. This map is part of the
1838 world map of isotherms (lines joining points
of equal temperatures).
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• The Berghaus atlas consisted of 8 different
  section
• Meteorology and climatology (13 pages of maps)
• Hydrology and hydrography (16 pages of maps)
• Geology (15 pages of maps)
• Earth magnetism (5 pages of maps)
• Botanical geography (6 pages of maps)
• Zoological geography (12 pages of maps)
• Anthropology (4 pages of maps)
• Ethnography (19 pages of maps)

This atlas represents one of the earlier
systematic approaches to geography and to produce
a thematic atlas.
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Week 1 - Introduction

• Historical views and conceptions of the map
  (continued)
• The mid-1700 saw the need to compile information
  about population. Sweden was the first to take a
  population census in 1749, followed by Finland in
  1750, Austria in 1754, Norway and Denmark in
  1769.
• Numeric data were tallied in columns and rows
  against places. This is the beginning of
  statistics.
• The advantage of compiling information in columns
  and rows (like a spreadsheet today) revealed a
  lot of information and details about a
  population.
• A German geographer named A.F. Büsching began to
  arrange geographical statistics not by columns
  and rows, but by individual areal units relating
  to categories of information.
• This statistical/areal arrangement revealed new
  clustering patterns in a modern geographic sense.
• A.F. Büsching is now referred to as creator of
  modern geography as well as founder of
  comparative statistics.

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Thus, statistical maps (a form of thematic maps)
began to appear. This map, titled Hyetographic
Map of the British Isles cleverly used graduated
circles to represent annual rainfall (the size of
the circle is drawn proportionally to the
rainfall a particular place received).
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Benjamin Franklin produced this chart of the Gulf
Stream in 1786 in his memoir in the Transactions
of the American Philosophical Society. The small
chart at the upper left illustrates the seasonal
migration of herring in the Atlantic Ocean.
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In the meantime, other advances in cartography
included developing techniques to effectively
illustrate relief visually.
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This Danish botanist and cartographer, J.F.
Schouw, map the regions of distribution of maize
(corn), fruit trees, wheat, and other crops.
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Berghaus 1839 world map of cultivated plants
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As indicated, population censuses were conducted.
Thus, population maps began to be developed. To
confirm the work of Büsching, a population map
shows more than just columns and rows of
statistics. It shows concentrations.
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While dot map show number of people, the
technique of using shades on maps is very
effective in showing population density, as in
this 1828 map of northern Germany.
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Population concentration and sparcity patterns
are very clear in this 1836 population density
map of France. Notice that the table of
statistics on the left does not show any
geography.
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Every country found the advantage of producing
population maps.
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Making this type of maps presents a great
production challenge. This map of Irelands
population used line patterns in a copper
engraving. This requires great engraving skill.
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Innovations were extended to show not just
population numbers of density, but also ethnic
groups, as in this 1823 map by Julius Klaproth,
son of the famous German chemist, Martin Klaproth
who discovered uranium.
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An Ethnographic Map of Europe, 1843.