Medical Computing

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Medical Computing

• By Tuyen T Nguyen
• University of Wisconsin-Platteville
• Spring 2006

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Introduction

• Medical Computing in the US in the past 30 years.
• Remarkable revolution
• Result obtained from technology evolution are
  sophisticated
• No surgery on every case
• Noninvasive procedures
• Required less time
• More accurate results
• Cost less

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Introduction

• The use of computer technology such as
• CAT
• Ultrasound
• MRI
• ENDOSCOPY
• Pacemaker
• Photoshop CS2
• Nuclear magnetic

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History of Computer Imaging

• Early computer graphics (1960s-1970s) were
  based on devices that drew vectors (straight
  lines) and that was all.
• Perhaps the most important advantage relevant to
  medical applications is that the interior of the
  objects are accessible to the viewer
• Given surgeon a much better view

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AbioCor Artificial Heart

• The AbioCor Implant able replacement heart is the
  first completely self-contained artificial heart
• It is expected to at least double the life
  expectancy of heart patients compare without a
  heart implant
• On July 2, 2001 Dr. William Devries at Jewish
  Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky performed a
  first artificial heart transplant.

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Jarvik Artificial Heart

• Dr. William Devries implanted the Jarvik-7 into
  several patients.
• One patient implanted Jarvik-7 survived 620 days.
• Artificial hearts are used only on a temporary
  basis until a human heart becomes available.

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Artificial Heart Continue

• Internal Controller Unit This small electronic
  device is implanted in the patients abdominal
  wall. It monitors and controls the pumping speed
  of the heart.

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Sensorized Artificial Heart

• Next Generation Artificial Heart
• With noninvasive sensors to realize the safety
  treatment and effective control for the patients.

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Sensorized Artificial Heart

• Tsukuba Bio-Telemetry System
• Observe the condition of the patients
• Driving condition of artificial heart from a
  remote place on-line.

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Ultrasound

• A basic ultrasound machine has the following
  parts
• - transducer probe
• - central processing unit (CPU)
• - transducer pulse controls
• - display
• - keyboard/cursor
• - disk storage device
• - printer

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Ultrasound

• Central processing unit (CPU)- computer that does
  all of the calculations and contains the
  electrical power supplies for itself and the
  transducer probe.
• The CPU is the brain of the ultrasound machine.
  It is a computer that contains the
  microprocessor, memory, amplifiers and power
  supplies for the microprocessor and transducer
  probe.

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Ultrasound

• The machine calculates the distance from the
  probe to the tissue or organ (boundaries) using
  the speed of sound in tissue and the time of each
  echos return.

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Ultrasound

• Ultrasound is use to check on the developing baby
  or determine the due date.
• If one is having problems with blood circulation
  in a limb or heart, a Doppler ultrasound can
  check on the blood flow.
• Ultrasound has been a popular medical imaging
  technique for many years.

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3D Ultrasound Imaging

• Ultrasound machines capable of three-dimensional
  imaging have been developed.
• In these machines, several two-dimensional
  images are acquired by moving the probes across
  the body surface or rotating inserted probes.
• The two-dimensional scans are then combined by
  specialized computer software to form 3D images.

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X-rays

• X-rays are basically the same thing as visible
  light rays. Both are wavelike forms of
  electromagnetic energy carried by particles
  called photons.
• The difference between X-rays and visible light
  rays is the energy level of the individual
  photons.

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X-rays Continue

• X-rays let doctors peer inside a patient without
  any surgery at all.
• Computer aided detection, or CAD, takes either an
  x-ray or digital mammogram image and with the
  press of a button marks areas of concern like
  calcifications subtle abnormalities that a
  radiologist may have missed.

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Computerized Axial Topography Scan

• CAT scan takes the idea of conventional x-ray
  imaging to a new level. Instead of finding the
  outline of bones and organs, a CAT scan machine
  forms a full three-dimensional computer model of
  a patients insides.
• Doctors can even examine the body one narrow
  slice at a time to pinpoint specific areas.

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CAT Continue

• In a CAT scan machine, the x-ray beam moves all
  around the patient, scanning from hundreds of
  different angles.
• The computer takes all this information and
  puts together a 3-D image of the body.

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CAT Continue

• This figure shows a scanned liver slice.
• Since they examine the body slice by slice, from
  all angles, CAT scans are much more comprehensive
  than conventional x-rays.

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Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) Scan

• MRI, medical diagnostic technique that creates
  images of the body using the principles of
  nuclear magnetic resonance.
• MRI can generate thin-section images of any part
  of the body including the heart, arteries, and
  veins from any angle and direction, without
  surgical invasion and in a relatively short
  period of time.

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MRI Scan

• The main magnet immerses the patient in a stable
  and very intense magnetic field, and the gradient
  magnets create a variable field.
• The rest of an MRI system consists of a very
  powerful computer system, some equipment that
  allows us to transmit RF (radio frequency) pulses
  into the patients body while they are in the
  scanner, and many order secondary components.

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MRI

• This image set is comparing a young individual
  (left) with an athletic male in his 80s (center)
  and with a person of similar age having
  Alzheimers disease (right), all imaged at the
  same level.

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Computer Technology in Endoscopy

• The endoscope has revolutionized the field of
  gastroenterology. Through it, doctor can
  directly examine almost any part of the
  intestinal tract.
• Biopsies can also be obtained
• Here is the picture of the normal stomach.

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Endoscopy

• A thin, flexible, lighted tube called an
  endoscope will insert through the mouth or
  rectum.
• The endoscope transmits an image of the inside
  of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, so the
  physician can examine the lining of these organs.

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Endoscopy

• The scope also blows air into the stomach this
  expands the folds of tissue and makes it easier
  for the physician to examine the stomach.
• The physician can see abnormalities, like
  inflammation or bleeding, through the endoscope
  that dont show up well on X-rays.
• The physician can also insert instruments into
  the scope to treat bleeding abnormalities or
  remove samples of tissue (biopsy) for further
  tests.

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Pacemaker

• Pacemakers are prescribed for people of all ages
  whose hearts beat too slowly.
• Pacemakers detect the slow heart rate and send
  electrical impulses to the heart to stimulate the
  heart muscle to beat faster.
• Well over 2 million pacemakers have been
  implanted worldwide since 1960.

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System for Programming and Monitoring Implanted
Devices

• This specialized computer system is used to
  communicate with implanted devices such as
  pacemakers and defibrillators through the skin.
• Using this computer, the doctor can read
  information from the devices memory to determine
  if abnormal cardiac episodes occurred, such as
  cardiac arrest.

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Monitoring Implanted Devices

• To interact with a pacemaker or defibulator
  device, a doctor places a magnetic wand over the
  device. This allow the system to
• - Receive information from the device.
  Based on this information, the doctor or nurse
  may want to change the therapy.
• - Send instructions to the device. When the
  therapy needs to change, the doctor can send the
  new instructions to the device without any
  surgery.

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Monitoring Implanted Devices

• The use of the computer system represents a big
  step in using remote and internet-based
  technology in the management of cardiac patients.
  
• The remote viewing capability allows clinicians
  to access real-time clinical expertise at a
  different location quickly over standard
  telephone lines.
• The clinical experts are able to see the exact
  data being seen on the computer, thus increasing
  efficiency and facilitating improved consulting
  and troubleshooting sessions.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance technology

• Was first described by Felix Bloch and Edward
  Mills Purcell in 1946. Both shared the Nobel
  Prize in physics in 1952 for their discovery.
• Uses high magnetic fields and ratio-frequency
  pulses to manipulate the spin states of nuclei,
  and reflect the position of nucleic within the
  molecule.

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Nuclear Magnetic Continue

• Most famous use is in magnetic resonance imaging
  for medical diagnosis.
• Provides anatomical definition of normal and
  abnormal tissues.
• Also use to diagnostic imaging of the breast and
  regions of the abdomen.

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Nuclear Magnetic Continue

• In several respects, NMR spectroscopy offers a
  technique complementary to X-ray crystallography
  and neutron diffraction.
• An important consideration is that NMR structures
  typically are obtained from proteins in solution,
  with no requirement that the protein be
  crystallizable.

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Adobe Photoshop CS2

• What is Adobe Photoshop CS2?
• The professional image-editing
• Can achieve an amazing result

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Adobe Photoshop CS2

• System requirement
• Intel Xeon
• Intel Centino
• Pentium III or 4 processor
• 320 MB of RAM
• 650 of available hard-disk space

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Adobe Photoshop CS2

• Who need this?
• Anyone who want a professional result when
  creating, editing, and retouching a processing
  digital images
• Wisely use in plastic surgery image!

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Adobe Photoshop CS2

• Who want to look 10 years younger virtually? May
  be 5 years?
• You can use Adobe Photoshop to make you look good
  AND feel good!

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Adobe Photoshop CS2

• Limitation
• Only in 2D for graphics and photos
• Can be in 3D with text
• Can do many real cool things

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Conclusion

• Computer technology has penetrates all aspect of
  human life internet access to medical to
  military control defense system.
• Advance technology from networking to computer
  image provide the great tools for medical field.
• Offer great support in the diagnostic stage and
  draw conclusion in a short period of time
• It truly contributes a quality decision analysis
  in healthcare system.

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Reference

• 1Andrew Millman, Nicholas Lee, Andrew Brooke.
  BMJ 1995 311800-802(23
• September). ABC of Medical Computing Computers
  in General Practices. Retrieved March 31, 2006,
  from
• http//bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/311/70
  08/800
• 2 Advantech- ePlatform Services in Medical
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• www.advantech.com.tw/ePlatform/Med/in
  troduction.asp
• 3 Hadjiyski, L. Ph.D., Sahiner, B. Ph.D., Chan,
  H. Ph.D., Bogot, N. M.D., Cascade, P. M.D.,
  Kazerooni, E. M.D. (2004, November 29). New
  computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) methods for
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  2006, from
• http//www.news-medical.net/?id6495
•  
• 4 Photoshop Tutorials Absolute Cross.
  Retrieved April 1, 2006 from
• http//www.absolutecross.com/tutorials/photoshop/
•  
• 5 Nuclear magnetic resonance Wikipedia, the
  free encyclopeda. Retrieved April 1, 2006 from
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
•  
• 6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Retrieved April
  1, 2006 from
• http//hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear
  /nmr.html
•  

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Reference

• 8 Medical Dictionary Magnetic resonance
  imaging. Retrieved March 31, 2006
• http//www.wrongdiagnosis.com/medical/magnetic_res
  onance_imaging.htm
•  
• 9 Article Coronary Artery Disease Screening
  Tests. Retrieved April 1, 2006
• http//www.medicinenet.com/coronary_artery_disease
  _screening_tests_cad/article.htm
•  
• 10 Andy Anderson. Steve Johnson. Perspection.
  Inc. Adobe Photoshop CS
•  
• 11 McGraw-Hill - Concise Encyclopedia of
  engineering
•  
• 12 Eric J. Light President. The Internal
  Medical Spa Association. Retrieved April 1, 2006
  from
• www.medicalspaassociation.org/vocabulary.htm
•  
• 13 How stuff works. Retrieved April 2, 2006
  from
• www.howstuffworks.com/ultrasound.htm

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Thank you for listening

• Any Questions?