Lecture 10: The Evolution Of Military Technology And Tactics II

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Lecture 10 The Evolution Of Military Technology
And Tactics (II)
1. The Evolution Of Naval Technology 2. The
Industrialization Of War 3. The Advent Of
Nuclear Weapons 4. The Evolution Of Issues 5.
Why Europe?
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The Evolution Of Naval Technology
1. The Historical Center Of Naval Technology --
The Mediterranean Sea And The Galley 2. Galley
Used In Trade And War -- Small Ships With
Shallow Drafts High Value Cargo -- Sail And
Oar Powered Large Crews Required -- War
Tactics Ram and Board Opponent 3. Innovations In
The Middle Ages -- Hinged Rudder From The
Vikings -- Compass From China 4. After 1300 The
Size Of The Galleys Increases 5. The Northern
European Cog Appears about 1100 -- Flat
Bottomed, Sea Going Cargo Ship
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Naval Evolution II
1. The Carrack and the Portuguese Caravel 2.
Weaknesses Of The Galley In Wartime A) Cannot
Sustain Cannon Attack B) Cannot Mount Many
Cannon C) Not An Ocean Going Vessel 3. The Rise
Of The Galleon 4. The Spanish Armada 1588 A)
Signals Change In Tactics Boarding Is Out B)
Signals Spain's Decline Relative To Sea Powers
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Naval Evolution III

• Technological Evolution Changes International
  System
• A) First Truly Global Economy In World History
• B) Allows European Expansion Into Periphery
• C) Shifts Power To Central Government
• D) War Ship And Trading Ship Diverge
• The Ship Of The Line (1650-1850)
• -- Introduced with the Anglo-Dutch Wars
• -- HMS Victory 100 Guns on Three Decks
• -- Tactics Line Ahead, Melee, Crossing the
  T
• -- 1805 Battle of Trafalgar

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Naval Evolution IV

• 1800s Punctuated Equilibrium
• A) Steam Power (Civilian 1802 War Ship 1814)
• B) Screw Propeller (1836)
• C) Iron And Steel
• -- French Ship La Gloire (1859)
• -- HMS Warrior (1861)
• D) Clash of Ironclads American Civil War (1862)
• E) Mastless Ship HMS Devastation (1873)
• Major 20th Century Changes
• A) The Dreadnought
• B) The Submarine
• C) The Aircraft Carrier

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Pre-Dreadnought Battleships Britain Franc
e Russia Germany USA Japan Total 1880 7 3 1 0 0 0
11 1890 22 10 4 0 0 0 36 1900 22 9 6 5 8 4 54
1905 43 11 8 16 12 4 94 Dreadnought
Class Battleships 1906 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1910 10 0 0 5 4 0 19 1914 34 4 4 22 10 4 78 1
918 44 7 5 0 17 9 82 1920 39 7 4 0 18 10 78 1925
21 6 3 0 18 10 58 1930 20 6 3 0 15 9 53 1935 15
5 3 2 15 9 49 1939 14 7 3 5 15 9 53 1943 15 0 2
4 21 9 51 1945 14 2 3 0 20 1 40
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Naval Evolution V
Summary Changes In Naval Technology A) Rise Of
International System B) Concentrates Power In
Most Industrialized C) Sea Powers Are
Traders D) Strongest Sea Power Shifts Across Time
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Industrialization And War
1. Commercialization Of The Economy And The
Commercialization Of War 2. McNeill
Industrialization Of War Lags Industrialization
Of Economy By 100 Years 3. Artisan Production
Dreyse Guns In Prussia In 1840 4. The American
System Springfield, MA (1820-1850) 5.
Consequences Of The American System A) Makes
Mass Conscription Feasible B) Allows Rapid
Introduction Of New Technology C)
Standardization Simplifies Supply
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Industrialization Of War
1. Revolution In Transportation A) Mobilization
Of Troops B) Movement Of Troops The Schlieffen
Plan C) Supplying Mass Numbers Of Troops Becomes
Possible 2. The Internal Combustion Engine A)
Transport B) Tank C) Aircraft
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Nuclear Weapons
1. Only The Most Advanced States Can Develop 2.
Shifts Technology From Offensive To Defensive --
Raises Costs Of Taking Territory -- Makes
Defending Territory Relatively Easy 3. Goal Of
Deterrence Raise Expected Costs Above Expected
Benefits 4. First Strike Versus Secure Second
Strike 5. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
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Relative Capability And Crisis Stability
SOVIET UNION
SECURE SECOND STRIKE
NO NUCLEAR WEAPONS
FIRST STRIKE
SECURE SECOND STRIKE
HIGHLY UNSTABLE US PREVENTATIVE USSR PREEMPTIVE
VERY STABLE MAD WORLD
USSR FEARS COERCION
HIGHLY UNSTABLE US PREEMPTIVE USSR PREVENTATIVE
FIRST STRIKE
EXTREMELY UNSTABLE
USSR FEARS COERCION
US
NO NUCLEAR WEAPONS
CONVENTIONAL WORLD
US FEARS COERCION
US FEARS COERCION
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The Evolution Of Issues
1. Why Do States Fight Wars? -- Territory --
Economics -- Anti-regime -- Ideology 2.
Holsti A) Many Types Of Issues B) Importance Of
Issues Changes Over Time The Rise And
Fall Of Issues
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Why Europe?
1. Why Does Military And Industrial Revolution
First Occur In Western Europe? 2. Great Person
Theory Versus Great Timing Theory 3. China
Commercial Revolution Without Military And
Industrial Revolutions A) Lack Of Protection
For Private Property B) Political
Centralization C) Merchants And Soldiers At
Bottom Of Hierarchy 4. The Future A Return To
Chinese Dominance?
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Year ---------- 500BC-1571 1200-1400 1300-1525 14
00-1550 1525-1650 1650-1850
Type -------- Galley Cog Carrack Caravel Galleons
Ship of the Line
Typical Length (feet) ------- 100 100 125-180 50-6
0 150-180 150-200
Displacement (tons) ----------- 100 100 1000 ? 100
0 2000
Crew Size ------ huge small small small large 600-
800
Average Number of Guns ----- few on
deck merchant lots of small guns on deck lots of
small guns on deck 30 big guns below deck 100
big guns below deck
Power System -------- oar lateen sail square
sail lateen sail square sail square sail