Hallucinogens

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Hallucinogens

• Brian Casper
• October 4, 2006
• ADJ-21a

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Hallucinogen - Definition

• Substances that produces psychological effects
  normally associated only with dreams,
  schizophrenia, or religious visions.
• Produces changes in perception (ranging from
  distortions in what is sensed to perceptions of
  objects where there are none), thought, and
  feeling

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Many drugs can exert effects

• LSD types (traditional hallucinogens)
• Phencyclidine (PCP)
• Phenylethylamine (MDA and MDMA)
• Ketamine
• Dextromethorphan

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Nature of Hallucinogens

• Psychedelic - substances that expand or heighten
  perception and consciousness
• Psychogenic - substances that initiate psychotic
  behavior
• Psychotomimetic - substances that cause
  psychosis-like symptoms

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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

• Causes predominantly psychedelic effects
• Physical Properties
• In pure form colorless, odorless, tasteless
• Street names acid, blotter acid, microdot,
  window panes, acid, barrels, beast, Big D,
  electric Kool-Aid
• Physiological Effects
• Massive increase in neutral activity in some
  brain regions
• Rise in body temperature, heart rate, and blood
  pressure
• Increase in salivation and nausea
• Effects begin 30-40 minutes after ingestion and
  can last up to 12 hours
• Tolerance to the effects of LSD develop very
  quickly
• Creativity and insight
• Schedule I Drug
• Psychological dependency can occur but usually
  not physical

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LSD Stats

• During the early 1990s LSD use among high school
  and college students began to rise. In 1998
  12.2 of HS seniors used LSD at least once and
  that fell to 4.6 in 2004
• LSD users are typically college or high school
  students, white middle class and risk-takers
• Taken from Drugs and Society, our textbook

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LSD Stats (continued)

• LSD can be purchased in several forms
• Tiny tablets called microdots
• Capsules
• Thin squares of gelatin called window panes
• More commonly applied to blotter paper cut into
  ¼ inch squares
• 1 gram of LSD can provide 10,000 doses and sold
  on streets for 50,000
• Usually taken orally, but can be injected

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• Perforated blotter paper impregnated with LSD, as
  illustrated above, is one popular form of
  dispensing the drug
• (Picture and text from Wikipedia, the free
  encyclopedia)

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Mescaline (Peyote)

• Most active drug in peyote it induces
  intensified perception of colors and euphoria
• Effects include
• Dilation of the pupils
• Increase in body temperature
• Anxiety
• Visual Hallucinations
• Alternation of body image
• Vomiting
• Muscular relaxation
• Schedule I Drug

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Native American Church

• The Native American Church in the United States
  has special permission from the federal
  government to use the psychedelic mescaline as
  part of its religious sacrament

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Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms)

• Principle source is the Psilocybe Mexican
  mushroom
• Not very common on street
• Effects similar to LSD
• Stimulates autonomic nervous system, dilates
  pupils, increases body temperature
• Schedule I

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• Psilocybe Mexican mushroom
• Magic Mushrooms
• (Photo taken from http//www.drug-information-reso
  urce.com)

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Nutmeg

• High dose can be quite intoxicating
• Can cause unpleasant trips

Foxy

• Relatively new hallucinogen
• Lower doses euphoria
• Higher doses similar to LSD

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Phencyclidine (PCP)

• Considered by many experts to be the most
  dangerous hallucinogen
• Physiological effects
• Hallucinogenic effects
• Stimulation
• Depression
• Excess sweating
• Blank stares
• Increase blood pressure heart rate
• Side to side eye movement
• Double vision
• Dizziness
• Nausea

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PCP (continued)

• Psychological Effects
• Feelings of strength power
• Invulnerability
• Perceptual distortion
• Paranoia
• Violence
• Psychoses
• Some say use makes them feel godlike and
  powerful
• PCP is a social drug virtually all users report
  taking it in groups
• Street Names - Angel Dust, supergrass,
  killerweed, embalming fluid, bobbies, dippies,
  and purple haze
• Schedule II Drug

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Ketamine

• Club Drug
• Feelings of weightlessness
• Out-of-body or near-death experiences
• Schedule III Drug

Dextromethorphan

• Active ingredient used in many OTC cough
  medicines
• When consumed at high doses (usually 10x
  recommended) can have similar effects as Ketamine
  and PCP

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Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)

• Similar to amphetamines
• Causes additional release of serotonin, dopamine,
  and norepinephrine
• Love Drug
• Effects
• Sense of well-being
• Heightened tactile sensations
• Increase pleasure through sex and expressions
  of affection
• Demonstrate an overwhelming desire to be with
  or talk to people

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MDA (continued)

• Sometimes used at raves
• Side Effects
• Nausea
• Periodic tensing of muscles in neck
• Tightening the jaw grinding of teeth
• Dilation of pupils
• Schedule I Drug

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Methlenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

• Best described as a mood enhancing stimulate
• Modification of MDA but has more psychedelic and
  less stimulant activity
• Street names Ecstasy, X, and Adam
• Popular with college-age students and young
  adults
• Because of enhancing sensations, has been used in
  the rave scene

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MDMA (continued)

• Effects
• Euphoria
• Increased Energy
• Increased Sensitivity to touch
• Lower Inhibitions
• Intensifies emotional feelings without sensory
  distortion
• Inhibits orgasm and interferes with erection
• Schedule I Drug

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• Various Ecstasy pills
• (photo from www.greatestjournal.com)

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The Enemy Ecstasy

• The following video is directed towards US Navy
  personnel but does a great job addressing the
  dangerous of Ecstasy use
• Downloaded from www.archive.org

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(No Transcript)
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Additional Information

• Our textbook, Drugs and Society, Chapter 12, page
  352
• Yahoo! Health - Hallucinogens

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Presentation References

• Fields, R. (2007) Drugs in Perspective (6th ed.)
• New York McGraw Hill
• Hallucinogens. In Drug Enforcement
  Administration. Retrieved September 29, 2006,
  from Drug Enforcement Administration
  http//www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/hallucinogens.htm
  l
• Hallucinogen. (2006). In Encyclopedia Britannica.
  Retrieved September 29, 2006, from Encyclopedia
  Britannica Online http//www.britannica.com/eb/ar
  ticle-9038956
• Hallucinogens. In Yahoo! Health. Retrieved
  September 29, 2006, from Yahoo! Health
  http//health.yahoo.com/topic/addiction/other/art
  icle/pt/Psychology_Today_art icles_pto_term_halluc
  inogens
• Hansen, G.R., Venturelli, P.J., Fleckenstein,
  A. E. (2006). Drugs and Society (9th ed.)
  Sudbury Jones and Bartlett Publishers
• Magic Mushrooms Facts. In Drug Information
  Resource. Retrieved September 29, 2006, from
  Drug Information Resource http//www.drug-inform
  ation- resource.com/magic_mushrooms.htm
• Psychedelics, Dissociatives and Deliriants. In
  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved
  September 29, 2006, from Wikipedia, the Free
  Encyclopedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halluc
  inogen
• US Navy. (2001). The Enemy Ecstasy Motion
  Picture. United States Infocus Video, Inc.

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Questions