Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution
18th 19th Century

• Industrial Revolution
• Inventions
• Immigration
• Vocabulary

The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a
major turning point in human social history. It
was a period in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries when major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, and transportation had a profound
effect on socioeconomic (society and economy) and
cultural conditions that spread throughout Europe
and North America and eventually the world, a
process that continues as industrialization.

• Henry Bessemers Converter
• Was used for making steel.

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What is the Industrial Revolution?
In the United States of America the Industrial
Revolution is commonly associated with
electrification as pioneered by Nikola Tesla,
Thomas Alva Edison and George Westinghouse and by
improvement of labor activity as applied by
Frederick Winslow Taylor. In our modern world,
we make daily use of the products of an
industrialized era. These products include a wide
variety of goods manufactured for our
consumption. It has not always been like this.
There was a time when almost all products were
hand-made and the factory system did not exist.
The transition from a world of hand made to a
factory system, and all its amazing benefits that
we are familiar with, is known as the Industrial
Revolution. It began in Britain in the early
years of the 18th century.
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Towns are a changing
In a little over a century, Britain went from a
largely rural, agrarian population to a country
of industrialized towns, factories, mines and
workshops. Britain was, in fact, already
beginning to develop a manufacturing industry
during the early years of the early 18th century,
but it was from the 1730's that its growth
accelerated.
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What other Changes?
As well as a revolution in industry, this period
saw many changes and improvements in agricultural
practice. So much so, that it can be said that
there was a parallel Agricultural Revolution.

• The Agricultural Revolution
• The Textile Industry
• Search New Power Sources
• The Dev. of Canals in Britain
• Roads and railways
• Steamships
• Iron and Steel Manufacture

• Working Conditions
• Urban Conditions
• Industrialization in Europe
• The Second Industrial Revolution
• Industrial Revolution and Warfare
• Social Dev. in the Industrial Rev.

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Importance of Agricultural Revolution on the
Industrial Revolution

• Crop yield increased
• Enough food was available for people
• in the cities
• Falling food prices meant more
• money to spend on consumer goods
• Healthier population which meant
• decline in death rate, especially in
• infants
• In the 18th century, the population
• doubled from 5 million to 10 million

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Importance of Agricultural Revolution on the
Industrial Revolution

• Wool yield increased due to better care of
  animals and selective breeding
• More wool was available for the textile
• industry and at less cost
• Ready workforce available
• Peasants were turned off their land by
• enclosures
• Families moved into the cities
• There was much unemployment and
• many people were looking for work
• Labour was cheap

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Textile Industry
Many people worked as producers of woolen cloth.
They cleaned, combed, spun, dyed and wove the raw
material into cloth. They did this work in their
own houses. This type of production has become
known by the general term of the Domestic (or
Cottage) Industry.
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Before the invention of the flying shuttle by
John Kay in 1733, it was only possible for cloth
to be woven up to a maximum of the width of a
man's body, across his arms. This was because he
had to pass the shuttle backwards and forwards,
from hand to hand.
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Textile Industry
John Kay's invention allowed the shuttle,
containing the thread, to be shot backwards and
forwards across a much wider bed. The flying
shuttle also allowed the thread to be woven at a
faster rate, thus enabling the process of weaving
to become faster.
Shuttle with bobbin - released into the Public
Domain by Audrius Meskauskas
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Textile IndustryThe Spinning Jenny
1764
The increased speed of weaving created a new
problem because it now took three spinners to
keep up with one weaver. This problem was
resolved in 1764, when James Hargreaves invented
a new machine that was capable of spinning eight
threads of cotton yarn, instead of the spinning
wheel's one. The new machine was called the
spinning jenny. All this time the processes
of spinning and weaving were still being carried
out at home. This was possible because both the
flying shuttle and the spinning jenny were small
enough to be used in the cottage.
The Spinning Jenny Invented by James Hargreaves
in 1764
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Textile IndustryThe Water Frame
1769
In 1769, a wig maker, Richard Arkwright, had
observed that, even with these improvements, the
hand loom weavers could not keep up with the
demand for cloth. He therefore set out to design
and produce a much larger spinning machine that
would be able to cope with the increased demand.
His design became known as the water frame. It
was given this name because it needed energy from
a watermill to power it. It was therefore too
large for cottage work and, consequently, had to
be placed in a large building known as a factory.
Richard Arkwright
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Textile IndustryThe Water Frame
1769
This meant that, for the first time, a family
involved in the production of woven cloth were
now split up. The women of the family, whom, you
will remember, were the traditional spinners, now
had to leave their cottages and work in a large
building where the water frames had been
installed. Since these factories used water as
their power source, they tended to be built in
areas where a good supply of fast flowing water
was available. These early water powered
factories, because they looked like large
watermills, became known as mills. They were
mainly concentrated in the mountainous areas of
Britain where water was plentiful.
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Textile IndustryThe Spinning Mule
1779
Samuel Crompton was a mill worker who had
learnt to spin using a Spinning Jenny. He noted
that one of the problems with the Spinning Jenny
was that the thread was not strong enough and it
kept breaking. In 1779, Crompton designed a new
machine which he called the Spinning Mule. His
machine combined the best features of both the
Spinning Jenny and Arkwright's Water Frame. The
Spinning Mule produced a very fine and even
thread which was suitable to spin yarns for
making muslin. The Spinning Mule was quickly
adopted by the textile industry.
Samuel Crompton
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Textile IndustryThe Power Loom
1785
In 1784 Edward Cartwright visited Arkwright's
cotton-spinning mill. Cartwright was sure that
he could develop similar technology to benefit
weaving. In 1785, he patented the first
version of his power loom and set up a factory in
Doncaster. He was no businessman, however, and he
went bankrupt in 1793, which forced him to close
his factory. The power loom was quickly
integrated into the weaving industry. It was
improved upon by William Horrocks. The power loom
was used alongside Crompton's Spinning Mule in
many factories.
Edward Cartwright
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The Search is On for New Power Sources
The need for alternative energy sources is
increasing.

• Water
• Coal
• Steam
• Thomas Savery
• James Watt
• Matthew Boulton

At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
there were very few forms of power, other than
human or animal power. The only two other power
sources available were wind and water.

• Water Wheels Arent Getting the Job Done!

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The Search for PowerWater
The mills that first provided the power for
the water frames that spun the yarn, and later
for the power looms, were subject to the same
problems with the water supply. Also, these mills
tended to be in remote mountain areas, next to
the water supply. This meant that it was
difficult to find a sufficient number of people
to work the mills and it created transport
problems.  Indeed, mill owners were constantly
advertising for staff, some of them going as far
as to advertise in national newspapers for
orphans to be sent to them. These children, from
seven years upwards, would be together housed in
barrack-like buildings and made to work between
12 to 18 hour days.
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The Search for PowerCoal
It was realized that if an independent power
source could be found it would be possible not
only to power the mill factories with it, but
also to locate the factories near good road
networks and population centres. In other words,
the place where a mill was built would become
independent of any natural power source.
At this time there was an increasing need for
fuel for heating and other purposes.
Traditionally, wood had been the universal fuel,
but, by the 18th century, the forests had become
severely depleted and supplies of wood were
becoming scarce and more expensive. Coal was
therefore becoming more important as a fuel, but
as its production increased, so did the
difficulty of extracting it from the ground. 
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The Search for PowerCoal
At first, most of the coal was extracted from
adit mines (horizontal tunnels running into the
sides of hills). As these became worked out it
became necessary to dig downwards towards the
coal seams
First a vertical well shaft was dug to find
the seam. Then the sides of the shaft were dug
out in a circle. This formed a bell-shaped hollow
in the ground. It was a very dangerous practice
because no method of shoring up the overhanging
rock was used. Consequently, it was often the
case that the mine collapsed onto the miners.
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The Search for PowerCoal
This type of mining was slowly replaced with
deep mines in which the vertical shaft was
connected to the horizontal shafts. These were
shored up with timbers as the mine was dug out.
The deep miners were faced with many problems. 
Two of these were stopping the mines from
flooding and providing the miners with fresh air.
Previously, these problems had been solved by
using power supplied by mill wheels which both
drained the mines and ventilated them. However,
this could only work if the mine was close to a
sufficiently powerful water supply.
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The Search for PowerSteam
The breakthrough in the search for new power
sources came in 1698 when Thomas Savery, using
the newly discovered concept of vacuum, invented
a vacuum-powered mine pumping engine. He called
it "The Engine for Raising Water by Fire".
Thomas Newcomen had also been experimenting with
steam. Newcomen formed a partnership with Savery
and, in 1705, they developed an entirely new form
of atmospheric engine.
Thomas Savery
Steam Driven Water Pump
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The Search for PowerJames Watt
1765 was the year James Watt began to
experiment and improve upon the Newcomen engine.
Watt's first improvement was to produce a
separate steam condenser. This meant that the
cylinder remained hot all the time. The engine
was now much more fuel efficient. It was
Watt's final development of the steam engine that
changed the future of steam power. He saw that
steam could be used not just to create a vacuum
but also to move the cylinder under pressure.
James Watt has discovered the basic principles of
what was to become the steam engine.
James Watt
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The Search for PowerMatthew Boulton
Matthew Boulton was an enlightened
industrialist who saw that steam power would play
an important part in industry. In 1762, he had
established the Soho Manufactory in Birmingham,
and it was here that James Watt was to develop
his steam engine. The two men formed a
partnership in 1775, and Boulton acquired a 25
year extension on Watt's patent. With Boulton's
financial backing and the help of another
inventor, William Murdock, James Watt produced
500 steam engines.
Matthew Boulton
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Transportation
Transportation

• Canals
• Railways Roads
• Steamships

• How many different ways can we transport out
  goods?.

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Transportation RevolutionizedCanals
The development of the steam engine created an
increased demand for coal. The problem was that
the cost of transporting the coal was too high.
While some coal was hauled over badly made roads,
in panniers on horses or donkeys, some coal was
transported by river or sea. Either way, the
transportation added greatly to the cost of the
coal. River transport was far easier than road
transport because roads were often no more than
muddy tracks. The problem was that rivers did not
always flow either in the direction or at the
depth needed for easy transport. The idea was
put forward that it should be possible to
construct artificial waterways to go where they
were needed. This would allow goods, including
coal, to be transported quickly and cheaply. The
man who is credited with beginning the
construction of the first canal was the Duke of
Bridgewater.
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Transportation RevolutionizedRoads Railways
Canals were built to carry heavy freight more
easily. At the same time, road builders reacted
to the competition. The existing roads were
upgraded, and the Turnpike Act ensured that new
roads were built. These new and improved roads
allowed stagecoaches to travel much faster and
speeded up communication. Canals were never
seriously used as passenger carriers because they
were too slow.
To solve the problem of transporting the coal
from the colliery to the canal-side for shipment,
the colliery engineers constructed horse-drawn
wagons which could be pulled over a specially
laid track. These tracks were the first railways.
It was not long before the potential of the
railway was realized, and by the 19th century,
railway development escalated. Rail took over
from both road and canal as the most popular form
of transport.
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Transportation RevolutionizedSteamships
The first ship to be powered by steam was the
Pyroscaphe which was built by the Marquis de
Jouffroy d'Abbans in 1783.  It ran on the River
Soane but it proved to be unreliable. The Marquis
never developed the idea any further.
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Iron and Steel
Manufacturing News

• Iron Steel Industry

The development of the railway impacted the
economy in two important ways. First, the
availability of cheap and efficient transport
lowered the carriage cost of goods. This meant
that goods were cheaper in the shops which
increased the demand for goods. The increase in
demand led to the expansion of factories which
required more energy. The prime energy source at
the time was coal. As the Industrial
Revolution began to speed up, the need for coal
grew because it provided power for the factory
engines, steam powered ships and steam
locomotives. Second, the demand for iron
increased. Iron was needed to make the railway
tracks, steam locomotives and the giant Watt
steam engines that pumped the mines and provided
energy to run factory machinery. At a later
stage, iron was needed to construct the
steamships.

• How will steel and iron benefit the Industrial
  Revolution?

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Iron Steel Cont
The developers of the early steam engines and
steam railways would never have been so
successful without parallel developments taking
place in the iron industry. Without the
ironmasters' expertise in creating new methods of
iron casting and working iron, it would have been
impossible to have produced steam power in the
first place. All of these developments which
drove the Industrial Revolution were dependent on
each other for their success. New inventions in
one field led to advancements in another. These,
in turn, stimulated further research and
development.
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2nd Industrial Revolution
19th Century

• Gas
• Electricity
• Sir Humphrey Davy
• Thomas Edison
• Sir Joseph W. Swan
• Dev. Of Communications
• Public Transport
• Motor Industry

By the middle of the 19th century, the
Industrial Revolution had produced great changes
in Britain and in Europe. The major driving force
of the period was steam power.

• How has Industrialization continued to develop?

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2nd Industrial Revolution
Steam technology was highly developed and,
with the help of the newly-invented precision
lathe, larger, more efficient engines were
produced. These engines used much less coal to
fuel them. While coal was still the most
widely used fuel, other forms of energy were
being investigated and developed. Gas,
electricity and, eventually, oil were soon to
compete with coal. The discovery of these new
fuels gave rise to new industries which, for the
first time, were based on science rather than on
engineering.
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html http//www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR
/001.html
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