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Poisonous Plants

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Poison Hemlock and Others. Biennial with hollow spotted stems and ... Poison Ivy/Oak. Poison Sumac. Atamasco Lily. Fly Poison. Common Yarrow. Common Buttonbush ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Poisonous Plants


1
Poisonous Plants
  • Forage Crops 4310
  • Lecture 17

2
Poisonous Plants
  • Plant
  • Toxicity
  • Symptoms

3
Black Locust
  • Shrub or tree, thick bark, and usually has paired
    thorns although thornless varieties have been
    developed
  • Flowers are white, showy, and very fragrant
  • Pods 10-20 cm long with 4-8 seeds

4
Black Locust Toxicity
  • Toxin principles include the phytotoxin robinin
    and the glycoside robitin
  • Horses may be poisoned by ingesting roots, bark,
    sprouts, seed pods, or trimmings
  • Horses are the most susceptible to the effects of
    this plant

5
Black Locust Symptoms
  • Trembling
  • Jerking motions
  • Convulsions
  • Frothing at mouth
  • Move jaws as if chewing
  • Vomiting
  • Eyes widely dilated
  • Temperature is elevated

6
Caster Bean or Mole Bean
  • Large robust annual in South
  • Flowers are green
  • Seed are shiny, grayish brown mottled to reddish
    brown, and usually have 3 seeds per capsule

7
Caster Bean Toxicity
  • The poisonous principle is a phytotoxin called
    ricin
  • All parts of the plants are considered
    toxic,especially the seed
  • Toxicity is most commonly seen in spring and
    summer
  • Horses are the most susceptible of the livestock
    to the poisoning

8
Caster Bean Symptoms
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • Dullness
  • Abdominal pain
  • Weakness
  • Trembling
  • Incoordination

9
Cocklebur
  • Coarse, widely branching annual
  • Flowers are green
  • Fruit are spherical, spiny burs, green to
    brownish at maturity

10
Cocklebur Toxicity
  • The toxic principle is the glycoside
    carboxyotractyloside
  • Toxin is concentrated in the seed and seedlings
  • Mature plants are distasteful to animals and
    contain less toxin

11
Cocklebur Symptoms
  • Vomiting
  • Gastrointestinal irritation
  • Diarrhea
  • Spasmodic running movements
  • Convulsions

12
Wild Cherry, Wild Black Cherry and Others
  • Small to medium size tree sometimes clipped to
    form dense hedges
  • Flowers are small and white
  • Ripe fruit are dull black and only slightly
    fleshy

13
Black Cherry Toxicity
  • The toxic principle is hydrocyanic acid (also
    called prussic acid)
  • Present primarily in the wilted leaves of trees
    that have fallen but bark and twigs are also
    toxic
  • Poisoning may occur in spring, summer or fall

14
Black Cherry Symptoms
  • Difficult breathing
  • bloat
  • Anxious Expression
  • Moaning
  • Staggering
  • Recumbency
  • Convulsions

15
Horsenettle
  • Perennial
  • Flowers are white to purple
  • Fruit are green, turning yellow resembling a
    small tomato

16
Horsenettle Toxicity
  • The toxic alkaloid solanine has been isolated
    from this
  • Toxicity varies depending on maturity,
    environment and portion of plant ingested
  • The fruit is the most toxic part (more toxic as
    matures

17
Horsenettle Symptoms
  • Acute symptoms include
  • Irritation of mouth
  • Gastrointestinal lesions
  • Chronic symptoms include
  • Unthriftiness
  • Jaundiced mucous membranes
  • Abdominal dropsy
  • Constipation

18
Jimsonweed or Thornapple
  • Coarse, foul-smelling annual with green to
    purple-tinged stems
  • Flowers are large, white to lavender, and funnel
    in form
  • Fruit are spiny capsules with many black shiny
    seeds

19
Jimsonweed Toxicity
  • The toxic principles are the alkaloids atropine,
    hyoscyamine, and scopolamine
  • All parts of plant are poisonous (however seeds
    are particular poisonous)
  • This is not usually eaten when other forage is
    available

20
Jimsonweed Symptoms
  • Weak and rapid pulse
  • Weak and rapid heartbeat
  • Widely dilated eyes
  • Dryness of mouth
  • Animals may appear blind
  • Slow breathing
  • Lowered temperature
  • Convulsions
  • Coma

21
Lantana
  • Erect or spreading shrub
  • Flowers initially cream, yellow or pink changing
    to orange or scarlet thus resulting in a
    multi-colored appearance
  • Fruit greenish blue or black

22
Lantana Toxicity
  • This ornamental shrub contains lantanin
  • All parts of the plant are toxic
  • Poisoning may occur year-round (but most common
    in summer and fall)
  • Many poisonings occur when clippings are thrown
    in a pasture

23
Lantana Symptoms
  • Acute symptoms include
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Bloody and watery feces
  • Severe weakness
  • Paralysis of the limbs
  • Death
  • Chronic symptoms include
  • Jaundiced mucus membranes
  • Photosensitization
  • Ulcerations of mucus membranes of the nose and
    oral cavity
  • Skin may peel

24
Oak
  • Bark, leaves but mostly acorn
  • Tannins
  • Constipation, then bloody diarrhea, poor
    appetite, weakness, excessive urination, death

25
Perilla Mint
  • Annual
  • Common in Tennessee
  • Difficult breathing, like serious emphysema
  • Animal appears to drown

26
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27
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28
Poison Hemlock and Others
  • Biennial with hollow spotted stems and has a
    fleshy taproot
  • Flowers are white
  • Fruit ovoid and prominently ribbed

29
Poison Hemlock Toxicity
  • The poison hemlock contains coniine, an alkaloid,
    and other compounds
  • The stems, leaves and mature fruits are toxic
  • Leaves are more dangerous in springtime
  • Fruit is more dangerous in the fall

30
Poison Hemlock Symptoms
  • Gastrointestinal irritation
  • Nervousness
  • Trembling
  • Staggering
  • Coldness of extremities
  • Slow heartbeat
  • Coma
  • Death

31
Pokeweed
  • Perennial often with many stems that are green to
    purplish in color
  • Flowers are white to purplish in color
  • Ripe fruit are black, juicy, many seeded and when
    mashed together produces a red ink color

32
Pokeweed Toxicity
  • The poisonous principles are oxalic acid and a
    saponin called phytolaccotoxin
  • In addition, alkaloids may be present
  • The root is the most toxic (but all other parts
    have toxin present
  • Poisoning occurs during the spring, summer, or
    fall

33
Pokeweed Symptoms
  • Severe gastroenteritis
  • Cramping
  • Diarrhea
  • Convulsions

34
White Snakeroot
  • Perennial with fibrous roots
  • Flowers are showy, white and blooming late in
    summer or fall

35
White Snakeroot Toxicity
  • The toxic principle has been identified as
    alcohol called tremetol
  • It is found in all parts of the plant
  • Animals may be poisoned by consuming the actual
    plant or from ingesting milk from mares that have
    eaten the plant

36
White Snakeroot Symptoms
  • Trembling
  • Stiffness
  • Sluggish
  • Standing with feet wide apart
  • Recumbent
  • Slobbering
  • Vomiting
  • Constipation
  • Dribbling of urine
  • Breath has ketone odor

37
Yew
  • Evergreen shrub or small tree
  • Needle-type leaves
  • Reddish-brown bark
  • Reddish or scarlet berries

38
Yew Toxicity
  • The active principle is the alkaloid taxine
    (occurring primarily in the leaves and to a
    lesser extent in the berries)
  • All parts of the yew are poisonous
  • 6-8 ounces of leaves can cause death in 1-2 hours

39
Yew Symptoms
  • Trembling
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Colicky symptoms
  • Staggering
  • Muscular incoordination
  • Paralysis
  • Death

40
Other Plants
  • Oak
  • Buckeye or Horsechestnut
  • Black Walnut
  • Elderberry
  • Tung Oil Tree
  • Azaleas
  • Ligustrum
  • Boxwood
  • Buttercup
  • Milkweed
  • Perilla Mint
  • Rhododendron
  • Showy Crotalaria
  • Yellow Jessamine or Carolina Jessamine

41
Other Plants
  • Bracken Fern
  • Mountain Laurel and other Laurels
  • Fetterbush
  • Maleberry
  • Bladderpod
  • Sicklepod
  • Sesbania
  • Sweet Clover and others
  • Scotch Broom
  • Chinaberry
  • Black Nightshade
  • Chinese Tallowtree
  • Pigweed
  • Eastern Baccharis

42
Other Plants
  • Sneezeweed
  • Poison Ivy/Oak
  • Poison Sumac
  • Atamasco Lily
  • Fly Poison
  • Common Yarrow
  • Common Buttonbush
  • Mustard
  • Sweetshrub
  • Mexican Pricklepoppy
  • Hairy Vetch
  • Red Maple
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