Section 5: Food Production, Nutrition and Environmental Effects

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Section 5 Food Production, Nutrition and
Environmental Effects

• How much has food production increased?
• How serious is undernutrition and malnutrition?
• How serious of a problem is overnutrition?
• What are the environmental impacts of our food
  choices?
• Can Chinas population be fed?

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Food Production

• Tripled between 1950 -1985, since then it has
  leveled off
• Africa, former Soviet Union and China seen
  biggest drops
• World produced enough food to meet basic needs,
  but still 1 in 6 do not get enough to meet
  nutritional needs
• Poverty, inequality, war, famine, corruption

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Human Needs

• Large amounts of macronutrients (protein, carbs,
  fats)
• Small amounts of micronutrients (A, C, E, iron,
  iodine, calcium)
• Chronic under nutrition disease increase,
  stunted growth etc.
• Malnutrition can not get enough protein mainly
  eating corn, rice, wheat
• Huge childhood problem

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Malnutrition

• UN Estimates
• 5.5 million each year die prematurely due to
  effects of under nutrition.
• Each day 15,100 people --- 80 of which are
  children
• In U.S. estimates are 11 million do not have
  access to enough food

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World Food Production

• Malnutrition vs. Under nutrition

• Shortages in developing countries

Fig. 14-16 p. 287
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Avg. male needs about 2,500 cal per day
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Over nutrition

• Food intake exceeds energy use and causes body
  fat
• Too many calories not enough exercise
• Lower life expectancy, heart disease, lower
  productivity and quality of life
• In developed countries it is 2nd leading
  preventable cause of death after smoking

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Environmental Effects of Food Production

• Biodiversity loss

• Soil degradation

• Air pollution

See Fig. 14-18 p. 290

• Water shortages and erosion

• Human health

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Enviro impacts of food production
Need to know these page 290
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How it used to be done
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Section 6 Increasing Crop Production

• What is the gene revolution?
• What is genetically modified food?
• Can we continue to increase food supplies? If so,
  how?

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Increasing World Crop Production

• Crossbreeding and artificial selection

• Genetic engineering (gene splicing)

• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

• Continued Green Revolution techniques

• Introducing new foods

• Working more land

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Cross Breading and Artificial Selection

• Done for centuries to produce improved crops
• Bigger corn and tomatoes
• Slow process

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Genetic Engineering

• Slicing the DNA of one species into another
• Quicker
• More cost efficient
• Allows insertion of almost any species
• More than 2/3 of foods in U.S. have GE
  ingredients
• Resistant to heat, drought, pests, salty soil,
  less fertilizer

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Genetic Engineering

• Example Citrus trees normally take 6 years to
  produce fruit yield in only 1
• Rice crops that contain more protein or more iron
  or that can be grown with far less water
• Focus so far more on needs of developed countries
  vs. developing country needs ()

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Study these pros and cons page 292
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Frankenfoods or Savior

• Considerable controversy over GMOs, GMF, GE Foods
• What are the unintended consequences?
• Can these new species be recalled if there are
  problems?
• Massive uncontrolled experiment?
• Critics say move slowly
• Require labeling of GMF

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Can We Continue to Produce MORE

• Lack of resources such as water, fertile soil and
  environmental factors may limit our ability to
  continue to yield more crops.
• Can we just spread the Green Revolution around
  the world to produce more?
• Will GE uniformity lead to more vulnerable crops
  to pests, diseases, harsh weather?

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Can We Continue to Produce MORE

• Will people be willing to try new foods?
  (superfoods)
• Fried ants or toasted butterflies anyone?
• Is irrigating more land the answer?
• Is cultivating more land the answer?
• Can we grow more food in urban areas?
• Why not just waste less food? 70 currently wasted

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Mmmm, bacon!!!
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Section 7 Producing More Meat

• How are rangelands used to produce meat?
• Is producing more meat the answer to the worlds
  food problems?
• What are the effects of overgrazing?
• How can meat be produced more sustainable?

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Rangelands

• Many feel need to increase meat production to
  feed population
• As incomes rise so does meat consumption

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Rangelands

• Are grasslands in temperate and tropical climates
  that provide foraging and browsing areas for
  animals
• Cattle, Sheep, goats are on 42 of rangeland
• Pastures are managed grasslands
• Renewable resource

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Producing More Meat

• Meat products good source of protein
• Per capita meat production doubled since 1950
• Feedlots animals are fattened for slaughter in
  densely populated confined areas
• CAFOs 43 world beef

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Factory Farms

• Cattle, pigs, poultry
• As many as 100,000 cattle, 10,000 hogs shoulder
  to shoulder
• What to do with waste?
• Open Lagoons?
• Consume large amount of grain and fish instead
  of feeding on grass
• Antibiotics and steroid use
• See page 295 box

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Overgrazing

• Occurs when too many animals graze for too long
  and exceed the carrying capacity of the grassland
  area
• Kills vegetation
• Reduces grass cover
• Causes erosion
• Compacts soil
• Damages watershed
• Desertification

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Overgrazing Solutions

• Control numbers by figuring out carrying capacity
• Move from riparian zones and locate watering hole
  away from sensitive zones
• Move animals around
• Replant overgrazed areas and/or use fertilizers

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Producing More Meat

• Feedlots

• Rangelands

• Efficiency

Fig. 14-22 p. 297

• Improved rangeland management

• Environmental consequences (Connections p. 295)

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What is this?
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Section 8 More Fish?

• Where do we get our fish and shellfish?
• What are the impacts of over fishing?
• What is aquaculture?

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Catching and Raising More Fish

• Fisheries

• Fishing methods (See Fig. 14-24 p. 299)

• Overfishing

• Commercial extinction

• Aquiculture

• Fish farming and ranching

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Where do we get fish and shellfish?

• Fisheries concentrations of aquatic species
  suitable for harvesting from a body of water
• 55 from the ocean
• Fish and shellfish supply 7 of worlds food
• Mostly from coastal zones
• Primary source of protein for more than 1 billion
  (mostly developing countries)

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Where do we get fish and shellfish?

• Aquaculture using feedlot management to raise
  marine and freshwater fish.
• using cages and nets
• Rivers, lakes and oceans
• China the worlds leader
• 1/3rd of worlds marine fish harvest is used for
  animal feed, fishmeal and oil

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Efficiency of converting grain to animal protein
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How are fish harvested?

• High Tech Global Fishing Fleets Roam World
• Sonar, GPS, spotter planes, huge nets, long
  fishing lines
• Large factory ships catch, process and freeze
  product

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How are fish harvested?

• Trawling dragging a funnel shaped net along
  bottom of sea
• Used to catch bottom dwellers
• Shrimp, cod, flounder, scallops
• Scrapes up everything on bottom leaving it bare
• Clear cutting ocean floor
• Bycatch thrown back

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How are fish harvested?

• Purse-Seine Fishing Surrounding schools of fish
  with boats and a huge net to capture entire
  school
• Net drawn in tighter and tighter
• Tuna, herring, mackerel
• Uses spotter planes often
• Led to huge dolphin kills

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How are fish harvested?

• Long lining putting out lines up to 80 miles
  long with thousands of hooks
• Swordfish, tuna, shark, halibut, cod
• Huge bycatch
• Endanger turtles, dolphins, whales etc.

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How are fish harvested?

• Drift netting using huge nets to trap fish
• Huge bycatch
• Kill many unwanted species
• Danger to marine mamals
• Since 1992 UN ban driftnets over 1.6 miles in
  international water (voluntary compliance)

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Over fishing

• Tragedy of Commons
• Not a new problem, but becoming global and tech
  driven
• Commercial Extinction
• Adding to the problem are development along the
  coasts, wetland and estuary pollution, coral reef
  and mangrove forest destruction
• New high demand for healthy fish

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Aquaculture

• Raising fish and shellfish for food, like crops
• Worlds fastest growing food production
• What do you think are pros and cons of this
  technique?

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Section 9-10 Government Ag Policy and
Sustainable Farming

• How do governments influence agriculture?
• How can the world become more sustainable with
  agriculture?

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Government Agricultural Policy

• Artificially low prices

• Subsidies

• Elimination of price controls

• Food aid

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Solutions Sustainable Agriculture

• Low-input agriculture

• Organic farming

See Fig. 14-29 p. 302

• Profitable

• Increasing funding for research in sustainable
  techniques

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mmmchicken for dinner