18th c. European Expansion

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18th c. European Expansion
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18th c. political history?

• absolutism constitutionalism continue
• enlightened absolutism (ca. 1750-1790)
• French Revolution (1789)

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18th c. intellectual history?

• Enlightenment (1690-1780)

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• This presentation will address
• 18th c. European ECONOMIC HISTORY.
• Essential Questions
• How did Europe expand in the 18th century?
• internal growth?
• (rising food production, population boom,
  expansion of industry)
• external growth?
• (global trade, empire building)

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I. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
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Objectives

• Compare and contrast farming methods and the
  supply of food before and after the Agricultural
  Revolution.
• Explain the factors that caused the Low Countries
  and England to adopt the new methods of the
  Agricultural Revolution first.

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17th c. Economy Agrarian

• 80 of W. Europeans
• even more in E. Europe

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Agriculture before 1650 The Open-Field System

• What it looked like
• open fields, cut into strips for each family
• no fences
• common lands for pasturing animals

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Agriculture before 1650 The Open-Field System

• Problems
• soil exhaustion ? fields lie fallow
• low output periods of famine

Famine Foods Grass and Bark. Dandelions
. Chestnuts.
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Agricultural Revolution (ca 1650-1850)

• What elimination of the fallow
• How

(1) crop rotation
(2) enclosure
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Agricultural Revolution (ca 1650-1850)

• Consequences
• MUCH more food
• rise of market-oriented estate agriculture
• proletarianization (landless peasants)

Between 1600 and 1900, Englands wheat output
tripled. Overall, by 1870 English farmers were
producing 300 more food than in 1700 with just
14 more labor!
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Leaders Low Countries England

• Low Countries 1st why
• densely populated
• growth of urban areas
• England 2nd students of the Dutch

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Dutch English Innovators

• Cornelius Vermuyden (Dutch) drainage
• Jethro Tull (English) seed drill, horses for
  plowing, selective breeding

Seed Drill
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ii. Population explosion
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Objective

• Account for the dramatic population increase in
  Europe during the 18th century.

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Population Patterns up to 1700

• irregular cyclical pattern of slow growth
• factors that held down growth
• famine
• disease
• war

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18th c. Population Explosion

• Why decline in mortality
• famine new canals and roads enabled food
  transport new foods (potato)
• disease bubonic plague disappeared improved
  sanitation
• war less destructive

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iii. Cottage industry urban guilds
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Objectives

• Discuss the development of cottage industry and
  its impact on rural life and economy.
• Describe the features of the guild system,
  explain how it evolved in the 18th century, and
  explain why the guild system eventually was
  replaced.

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Cottage Industry

• manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes

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Cottage Industry The Putting-Out System

• What merchant capitalist put out raw materials
  to cottage workers, who returned finished
  products to the merchant
• Competitive advantages (over guilds)
• low wages
• no regulation experimentation variety of
  goods

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Cottage Industry

• 1st in England, textile industry
• family enterprise
• spinners cant keep up with weavers ? spinsters
• conflict b/t workers merchant-capitalists
• erratic pace

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Urban Guilds

• elitist monopolistic
• restricted membership men, nepotism, costly
• exclusive rights to produce certain goods
• access to limited raw materials

Guild flags, etching from 1815.
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Urban Guilds

• not open to experimentation?
• 18th c. ? openness to women (ex. dressmaking)
• lost power, late 18th c. mid-19th c. (FR / rise
  of free market)

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Industrious Revolution

• social/econ ?s of late 17th-early 18th c.
• wage work
• ? leisure time
• new pattern foundation for IR (1780)
• Debate over consequences life better or worse
  for
• the poor?
• women?

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IV. BUILDING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
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Objectives

• Explain how Britain became the dominant European
  power in the colonial world.
• Describe the development of slavery and its
  impact on the economy in the Americas.
• Explain how Spain recovered in the 18th century
  after its 17th-century decline.
• Describe the hierarchy of Spanish colonial
  society.
• Identify European colonies in Asia.
• Explain Adam Smiths economic theory, and
  contrast it with mercantilism.

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18th c. Commercial Leader

• BRITAIN!!!

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• Britain did have rivals
• Dutch
• French
• Spanish
• So how did Britain take the lead?
• Success in war economic military.

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Wars

• Navigation Acts (1651-1663)
• Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)
• War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
• War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
• Seven Years War (1756-1763)

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1. Navigation Acts (1651-1663)

• econ. warfare
• GB imports must be carried on GB ships (or on
  ships of country producing the goods)
• GB colonies must ship goods on GB (or US) ships
  buy goods from GB

• Outcome beat out Dutch

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2. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)

• 3 wars
• Outcome not much ?, but coupled w/ Nav. Acts,
  Dutch commerce ?

Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. Britain seized it
and renamed it New York.
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3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

• Cause threat of French/Spanish union
• France vs. Grand Alliance (GB, Dutch, Austria,
  Prussia)

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3. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

• Grand Alliance won!
• Peace of Utrecht
• Fr/Sp could not be united
• France lost Amer. colonies to GB
• Spain lost land to Austria gives control of
  slave trade to GB

Thus France Spain decline GB gains
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4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

• Cause Prussia (Fred the Great) took Silesia from
  Austria (MT)

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4. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

• Came to include Anglo-French conflicts in India
  N. America
• Outcome
• Prussian victory
• no land ? in N. America

GBs King George II at Battle of Dettingen
defeated the French. GB fought on Austrias side.
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5. Seven Years War (1756-1763)

• Cause MT wanted Silesia back
• France vs. Britain over colonies

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5. Seven Years War (1756-1763)

• Indecisive in Europe
• British victory in colonies
• Treaty of Paris
• France Spain lost land in N. Amer. India to
  GB

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Theme Land and Trade Monopolization

• Outcome Britain realized goal of monopolizing a
  vast trading and colonial empire

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In the colonies
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THE AMERICAS

• IN THE COLONIES.

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Atlantic Slave Trade (18th c. height)
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Atlantic Slave Trade

• plantation agriculture sugar, coffee, tobacco,
  rice, cotton
• 1700 GB becomes leader
• 1770s-80s GB abolition campaign
• 1807 Parli abolished GB slave trade

Middle Passage
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Spanish Revival

• After its height in the 16th c., and a drastic
  fall in the 17th, Spain came back in the 18th!

• Causes
• better leadership Philip V (r. 1700-1746)
• reforming ministers

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Spanish Revival

• Signs of revival colonies benefit!
• better defense
• expansion (ex. Louisiana, CA)
• silver mining recovers
• new class of wealthy Creoles

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Spanish Colonial Society

• Creole Spanish blood, born in America
• mestizo mixed Spanish/Indian
• debt peonage
• 17th c. labor system
• serfdom owner keeps Indians in bondage by
  advancing pay

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ASIA

• IN THE COLONIES.

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Portugal (16th c.)
Outposts in Indian Ocean trading world
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Dutch Republic (17th c.)
Indonesia
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France
Key light blue 1st empire of 1600s-1700s dark
blue 2nd empire, after 1830
India
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Britain (India, 18th c.)
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Economic systems
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Different Economic Systems

• Mercantilism

• Capitalism

• 17th-18th c.
• govt. regulation
• goal ? gold reserves exports gt imports

• late 18th c. forward
• govt. stays out of economy

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Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)

• capitalism / free market / free trade / economic
  liberalism / laissez-faire
• 3 duties of govt.
• defense (military)
• civil order (police, courts)
• public works

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Adam Smiths invisible hand

• By preferring the support of domestic to that of
  foreign industry, he intends only his own
  security and by directing that industry in such
  a manner as its produce may be of the greatest
  value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in
  this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible
  hand to promote an end which was no part of his
  intention. Nor is it always the worse for the
  society that it was no part of it. By pursuing
  his own interest he frequently promotes that of
  the society more effectually than when he really
  intends to promote it. I have never known much
  good done by those who affected to trade for the
  public good.