THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• CHAPTER 9
• 1700 - 1900

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Industrialism Begins

• Industrialism
• New economic system
• Rely on machinery rather than animal and human
  power
• Before industrialism most people lived in small
  farming villages
• Began urbanization
• Began in the textile industry
• Woven cloth

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Section I The Beginnings of Industrialization

• Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
• Begins in the mid 1700s
• New Ways of Working
• The IR greatly increases out-put of machine made
  goods
• The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
• Enclosures large farm fields enclosed by fences
• Wealthy landowners buy enclose land once owned
  by village farmers
• Enclosures allow experimentation with new
  agricultural methods

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The Beginnings of Industrialization

• Rotating Crops
• Crop rotation switching crops each year to
  avoid soil depletion
• Selective Breeding Livestock breeders allow
  only the best to breed, improve the food supply

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Selective Breeding
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Why did the IR begin in Britain?

• Britain had all of the factors of production
• Land, labor, and capital
• Britain had the necessary natural resources
• Coal, iron, rivers, harbors
• Expanding economy encouraged development

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Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Changes in the Textile Industry
• Flying Shuttle (1733)
• John Kay
• Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

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Inventions Spur Industrialization(cont)

• Spinning Jenny (1764)
• James Hargreaves
• One spinner could work eight thread at a time

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Inventions Spur Industrialization(cont)

• Water Frame (1769)
• Richard Arkwright
• Machines could now be powered by water, not just
  hand

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Inventions Spur Industrialization(cont)

• Power Loom (1787)
• Edmund Cartwright
• Sped up the weaving process

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Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Changes in the Textile Industry (cont)
• Cotton Gin (1793)
• Eli Whitney
• Multiplied the amount of cotton produced
• Development of Factories
• Buildings that contain machinery for
  manufacturing
• First factories needed to be near rivers for
  water power

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The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney
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The First Factories
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Improvements in Transportation

• Steam Engine
• Need for cheap, convenient power
• Steam becomes important source of energy
• James Watt improves the steam engine
• Water Transportation
• First steamboat Clermont
• Robert Fulton in 1807
• Road Transportation
• British roads are improved
• Companies operate toll roads
• Beginning of the railroad

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James Watt and the Steam Engine
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Robert Fulton and the Clermont
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The Railway Age Begins

• Railroad Revolutionize Life
• The Railroad System
• Spurs industrial growth
• Creates jobs
• Provides cheaper transportation
• Boosts many industries
• Causes people move to cities

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The Railway Age Begins

• First Railroad Line
• George Stephenson (1825)
• Liverpool-Manchester Line (1829)
• Used Stephensons Rocket
• Worlds best locomotive

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II. Industrialization

• Industrialization Changes Life
• Factory Work
• Pays more than farms
• Spurs the demand for more expensive goods
• Rise of Industrial Cities
• Urbanization movement of people to city
• Population growth provides work force, markets
  for goods
• Major cities London, Manchester, Liverpool,
  Birmingham

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The Working Class

• Living Conditions
• Rapid Urbanization caused
• Cities without adequate housing, education, and
  police protection
• Urban slums
• Disease and sickness spread quickly
• Life span is only 17 years
• Lack of sanitary building codes

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The Working Class

• Working Conditions
• Average workday 14-16 hours
• 6 days a week, year round
• Dirty, poorly lit factories
• Numerous injuries and death
• No health insurance
• No labor laws
• Eventually replaced by machines
• Huge population means large unemployment

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The Rise of the Middle Class

• The Middle Class
• Factories helped to create a new group of people
  the middle class
• Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers,
  managers, and professionals
• Had a comfortable standard of living
• Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

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Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Immediate Benefits
• Creates jobs
• Enriches nation
• Encourages technological progress
• Education expands
• Cheaper goods, including clothing
• Long Term Effects
• Improved standard of living
• Improved working conditions
• Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements

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III. Industrialization Spreads

• The Rise of Corporations
• Stock
• Limited ownership rights for company
• Sold to raise money
• Corporation
• Company owned by stockholders
• Share profits not debts
• Large corporations attempt to control as much
  business as they can

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The Impact of Industrialization

• Rise of Global Inequality
• Wealth gap between nations widens
• Europe US gain economic power
• Non-industrialized nations fall further behind
• African and Asian countries lag
• Still based on agriculture
• Imperialism spreads
• Need for raw materials and new markets
• European nations US exploit colonies for
  resources
• Transformation of Society
• The Middle Class gains influence and power
• Begins calls for reform

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IV. Philosophers of Industrialization

• Laissez-faire Economics
• Policy of not interfering with business
• The Wealth of Nations
• Published by Adam Smith
• Defended free markets laissez-faire
• Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
• Economic natural laws
• Self-interest
• Competition
• Supply and Demand

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The Economists of Capitalism

• Capitalism
• System of privately owned businesses seeking
  profits
• Malthus and Ricardo
• Thomas Malthus
• Believed populations grew faster than the food
  supply
• Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery
  and poverty result
• David Ricardo
• Saw a permanent poor underclass that provided
  cheap labor

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Malthus
Ricardo
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Utilitarianism and Utopia

• Utilitarianism
• Judge things by their usefulness (Bentham)
• Regulation to help workers and spread wealth (JS
  Mill)
• Utopian Society
• Established by Robert Owen
• Community that improved worker conditions and
  provided cheap housing
• Located in New Harmony, Indiana

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The Rise of Socialism

• Socialism
• Factors of production owned by, operated for the
  people
• Power of the Government
• Government control can end
• Poverty
• Bring equality

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Radical Socialism Karl Marx

• The Communist Manifesto
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• Fundamental Beliefs
• Society divided into warring classes
• The haves vs. the have-nots
• The haves
• Employers or bourgeoisie
• The have-nots
• The workers or proletariat
• Prediction
• The workers will overthrow the owners

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The Future According to Marx

• Capitalism will destroy itself
• Inequality would cause workers to revolt
• This would lead to communism
• Society where people own and share the means of
  production
• What are the means of production?
• Land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses

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Labor Unions and Reform Laws

• What is a union?
• Association formed by laborers to work for change
• What do they do?
• Negotiate for better wages and conditions
• Who were the first to do this?
• Skilled workers are the first to unionize
• How were they able to do this?
• Movement in US and UK to fight to right to
  unionize

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Labor Unions and Reform Laws

• Reform Laws
• Laws were passed to stop abuses of
  industrialization
• Examples of reform laws
• Maximum workday
• Ending or limiting of child labor

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The Reform Movement Spreads

• Abolition of Slavery
• Reformers help to end slavery
• In British Empire (1833)
• The Americas (1888)
• Fight for Womens Rights
• Pursuit of economic and social rights as early as
  1848
• Founding of the International Council for Women
  (1888)

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Other Reforms

• Free public education
• Established in Europe by late 1800s
• Established in US by 1850s
• Prison reform also sought
• Focus on rehabilitation

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
• Thomas Edison
• Granted over 1,000 patents from his research
• Including the light bulb

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier (cont)
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Invented the telephone (1876)

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
• Guglielmo Marconi
• Invented the radio (1895)

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
• Karl Benz
• Invented the automobile in 1885
• Henry Ford
• Lowers the cost of the automobile using the
  assembly line

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• Inventions and Inventors Make Life Easier
• The Wright Brothers
• Develop the first working airplane

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• New Ideas in Medicine
• Medical research leads to
• Development of vaccines
• Improvement in sanitation
• Louis Pasteur
• Discovered the bacteria cause disease
• Joseph Lister
• Links bacteria to surgical problems
• Begins the sterilization process of tools

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• New Ideas in Science
• Beginning of numerous branches
• Archeology
• study of society through material remains
• Sociology
• study of people and societies
• Anthropology
• study of the origin, the behavior, and
  development of humans
• Psychology
• study of human or animal mental functions and
  behaviors

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• New Ideas in Science
• Charles Darwin
• Theory of Evolution
• Gradually over time species evolve
• Gregor Mendel
• Discovers patterns to inherited traits
• Begins the science of genetics

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• New Ideas in Science (cont)
• John Dalton
• Theorizes that all matter is made of atoms
• Dmitri Mendeleev
• Creates Periodic Table of the Elements
• Marie and Pierre Curie
• Discover radioactivity
• Marie becomes the first woman to win the Nobel
  Peace Prize (Science)

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Nineteenth Century Progress

• New Ideas in Science (cont)
• Ivan Pavlov
• Human actions are unconscious reactions
• Sigmund Freud
• Studied the unconscious mind

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Ivan Pavlov
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Nineteenth Century Progress

• Development of Mass Culture
• 1800s saw the creation of
• Movie Theaters
• Professional Sports
• Boxing
• Baseball

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THE

• END