Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

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Chapter 5The Skeletal System Provides an
internal framework for the body, protects organs
by enclosure, and anchors skeletal muscles so
that muscle contractions can cause movement
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Bone Formation, Growth, Remodeling
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Types of Bone Cells

• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts
• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts
• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release
  of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process performed by both
  osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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Changes in the Human Skeleton

• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
  cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage is
  replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
• Bridge of the nose
• Parts of ribs
• Joints

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Bone Growth

• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bones
  during childhood
• New cartilage is continuously formed
• Older cartilage becomes ossified
• Cartilage is broken down
• Bone replaces cartilage

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Long Bone Formation Growth
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Bone Remodeling

• Bones are remodeled continually in response to
  changes in 2 factors
• Calcium levels in the blood
• Pull of gravity muscles on the skeleton

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Rickets

• Softening weakening of bones in children
• Due extreme prolonged vitamin D deficiency
• Vitamin D is essential in promoting absorption of
  calcium phosphorus from the GI tract ? Required
  to build strong bones
• Adding vitamin D and calcium to the diet ?
  Corrects any resulting bone problems
• Some skeletal deformities ? Surgery
• Symptoms
• Skeletal deformities
• Bowed legs, spine curvature, pelvic deformities,
  breast bone projection
• Fragile bones, impaired growth in height, dental
  problems, bone pain, muscle weakness

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Osteoporosiswebsite ERT website Menopause site

• Disease of the bones
• Thin, brittle bones with lots of holes
• Bones are susceptible to fractures
• Especially, the hips, spine, wrists
• Usually strikes after age 60
• Symptoms
• Broken bone after a fall
• Back pain
• Decreased height
• Curved backbone
• Cause
• Lack of bone strength or bone density

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Osteoporosis

• Risk Factors
• Age
• Female gender
• Menopause
• After menopause ? Reduced production of
  estrogen, which protects the body from bone loss
• Family history Genetics
• Slender body frame
• Race ? European Asian
• Smoking
• Lack of weight-bearing exercise
• Alcohol
• Lack of calcium vitamin D in the diet
• Osteoporosis Slideshow

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Osteoporosis

• Treatment
• Medication
• Fosamax Reduces bone loss build bone
  thickness
• Calcium Vitamin D supplements
• Diet
• Eat dark green vegetables, yogurt, milk ?
  Calcium
• Eat eggs, fatty fish, fortified cereal ? Vitamin
  D
• Exercise ? Weight bearing

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Bone Fractures

• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture break that does not
  penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates
  through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and
  immobilization
• Realignment of the bone

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Common Types of Fractures
Know Table 5.2 page 137
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Repair of Bone Fractures

1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
   callus
3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
   callus
4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
KNOW Figure 5.5 page 138
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Joints

• Articulations of bones
• Functions of joints
• Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility
• Joints are classified in 2 ways
• Functionally
• Structurally

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Functional Classification of Joints

• Focuses on the amount of movement allowed by the
  joint
• Synarthroses Immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses Slightly moveable joints
• Immovable slightly movable joints ? Restricted
  to the axial skeleton
• Firm attachments protection of internal organs
• Diarthroses Freely moveable joints
• Predominantly in the limbs

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Structural Classification of Joints

• Fibrous joints
• Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable
• Synovial joints
• Freely moveable

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Fibrous Joints

• Bones united by fibrous tissue
• Ex. Sutures of the skull
• Synarthroses (largely immovable)

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Cartilaginous Joints

• Bone ends are connected by cartilage
• Examples
• Amphiarthrotic- Slightly movable
• Pubic symphysis
• Intervertebral joints
• Synarthrotic
• Immovable
• True ribs sternum

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Synovial Joints

• Articulating bones are separated by a joint
  cavity
• Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

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Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses

• Articular (hyaline) cartilage) covers the ends of
  bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
  articular capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint

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Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint

• Bursae flattened fibrous sacs
• Lined with synovial membranes
• Filled with synovial fluid
• Not actually part of the joint
• Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons,
  or bones rub together
• Tendon sheath
• Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
  subject to friction

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The Synovial Joint
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Synovial joint
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
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Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints

• Bursitis inflammation of a bursa usually caused
  by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis inflammatory or degenerative diseases
  of joints
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the
  United States

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Clinical Forms of Arthritis

• Osteoarthritis
• Most common form of chronic
• arthritis
• Chronic degenerative condition
• Probably related to the normal aging
• processes
• Wear-and-tear arthritis
• Affects the articular cartilages
• Most commonly affected joints
• Fingers, cervical lumbar regions of the spine
• Large weight-bearing joints of the lower limbs
  (knees hips)
• Progression slow irreversible, but rarely
  crippling

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Clinical Forms of Arthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Chronic inflammatory disorder
• Autoimmune disease- Disorder in which the bodys
  immune system attempts to destroy its own tissues
• Initial trigger unknown
• Usually occurs between the ages of 40 and 50 but
  it may occur at any age
• Affects 3 times as many women as men
• Joints of the fingers, wrists, ankles, and feet
  are affected at the same time and usually in a
  symmetrical manner
• Often leads to deformities

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Clinical Forms of Arthritis

• Gouty Arthritis Gout
• Disease in which uric acid accumulates in the
  blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped
  crystals in the soft tissues of joints
• Agonizing painful attack- typically affects the
  great toe
• Most common in males

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The following slides I didnt include
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Black Eye websitemore info
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Adenoids website
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Whiplash website view
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Knee joint
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Arthroscopic Knee Surgery
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Rotator Cuff website
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Whiplash website view
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TMJ website
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TMJ continued

• For me the connection is fairly obvious when
  viewing radiological images of people with atlas
  subluxations it becomes patently obvious that the
  jaw mandible and hence the TMJ are out of
  alignment. The crooked or tilted head (X-ray
  opposite) sitting atop the cervical spine
  results in non-alignment or disarticulation of
  the TMJ in the cranial fossa (recess). The joints
  do not work properly, with the disc being
  captured during opening and/or closing, and the
  neck and shoulder muscles going into painful
  spasm during the normal process of eating.