Pathology of Degenerations

1
The secret to success is to start from scratch
and keep on scratching! Dennis Green
2
Pathology of Degeneration Ageing
Dr. Venkatesh M. Shashidhar. Associate Professor
of Pathology School of Health Sciences.
3
Introduction

• Inflammatory Neoplastic Degeneration.
• Cell injury - Reversible vs Irreversible
• Degeneration opp. Generation Adoptation.
• Alterations in cell structure or function in
  response to stress is known as adaptation /
  degeneration.
• Cellular Degeneration follows reversible injury
• Decreased blood supply, inactivity, lack of
  hormones/stimulus.
• Use it or Loose it.!

4
Cellular Adaptations

• Growth adaptations
• Hyperplasia, Hypoplasia,
• Hypertrophy, Atrophy,
• Metaplaisa, Dysplasia, Neoplasia.
• Degenerations (Accumulations)
• Hydropic change (cell swelling/edema)
• Fatty Change
• Hyaline Change
• Pigment storage wear tear..

5
Atrophy (Decrease in size of cells)

• Physiologic
• Developmental e.g.. Thyroglossal duct
• Uterus following parturition
• Pathologic
• Decreased workload Disuse atrophy of muscles
• Loss of innervation Denervation atrophy
• Decreased blood supply Brain atrophy
• Malnutrition Marasmus.
• Loss of endocrine support endocrine glands.
• Ageing Senile atrophy

6
Atrophy of un-descended testes
7
Ageing
8
Ageing

• Progressive time related loss of structural and
  functional capacity of cells leading to death
  (Shashis definition..!)
• Senescence, Senility, Senile changes.
• Ageing of a person is intimately related to
  cellular ageing. It is inside our molecules..!
• Blood vessel damage precedes ageing.
• We are as old as our arteries!

9
Factors affecting Ageing

• Genetic 60 Environmental 40
• Clock genes, (fibroblast culture)
• Werners syndrome.
• Age gene on Chromosome 1.
• Age is a character from female parent.
• Mammalian mitochondria come from ovum.

10
Factors affecting Ageing

• Environmental factors (40)
• Trauma
• Diseases Atherosclerosis, diabetes
• Diet malnutrition, obesity etc.
• Psychological Social health stress.

11
Cellular mechanisms of ageing

• Ageing genes.
• DNA mutation
• Free radicle injury.
• Protein cross linking
• Mitochondrial DNA damage.
• Loss of DNA repair mech.
• Telomere shortening.
• Membrane peroxidation.
• Lipofuscin accumulation.

12
Telomerase in ageing
Germ Cells Somatic Cells
13
Ageing Morphologic changes

• Easy bruising fragile capillaries.
• Glycosylation of lens proteins Cataract.
• Accumulation of Lipofuscin pigment Brown
  atrophy.
• Blood vessel hardening arteriosclerosis,
  arteriolosclerosis atherosclerosis.

14
Ageing Morphologic changes

• Skin elastosis, hairloss, atrophy, bruising.
• Joints osteoarthritis.
• Immunity immunosuppression.
• Heart Brown atrophy,
• CVS arterio atherosclerosis, MI, stroke.
• Neoplasms
• CNS cerebral degeneration.

15
Common Age-related disorders

• Osteoarthritis (4050y)
• Atherosclerosis (5060y)
• Lung emphysema (6070y)
• Malignancies (GIT,Prostate 6080y)
• Dementias (7090y)

16
Pathology of ageing
17
A pessimist sees the difficulty in every
opportunity an optimist sees the opportunity in
every difficulty. - Sir Winston Churchill
18
Normal Brain surface
19
Atrophy Senile / Alzheimer's
20
Elastosis of skin
21
Femur Head Osteroarthritis
Normal
Osteoarthritis
22
Alzheimers Disease

• Cortical atrophy.

23
OA Fingers
24
OA Hip
25
Femur Osteroarthritis
26
The definition of insanity is doing the same
thing over and over again and expecting a
different result! - Albert Einstein
27
(No Transcript)