Southern Africa: HIVAIDS and Crisis in the Context of Food Insecurity Presented by Regional Service

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Southern Africa HIV/AIDS and Crisis in the
Context of Food InsecurityPresented by
Regional Service Center (UNDP), Johannesburg (SA)

• Drought Risk and Development Policy Workshop,
  Nairobi (Kenya), January 31 February 2005,
  Nairobi (Kenya)

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Outline

• What is the Crisis?
• Effect of HIV/AIDS on Farming Systems
• Evidence from Crisis Countries
• Effect of Production levels Practices to
  HIV/AIDS
  
• Lessons Challenges to Drylands Development

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The Crisis -- Affected Countries Overall Picture

• Six countries namely Lesotho, Malawi,
  Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe
  
• Estimated 15.3 million people 25 of pop of
  affected countries
  
• Shortfall of 20-40 percent
• Food insecurity predated HIV/AIDS focus on
  2002-03
  
• Not all food insecure people were HIVve nor
  were all HIV food insecure but where the two
  shocks occurred at the same time, the outcome was
  severe

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Status of HIV and Food Insecurity
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Effect of HIV/AIDS on Farming Systems
Production

• Mediated through both the labor and savings
  channels
  
• Morbidity mortality caring for the sick
• Dissavings as well as divestment, resulting in
• Decreases in area planted
• Declines in crop yields
• Changes to cropping patterns
• Losses of agricultural knowledge
• Changes in crop-livestock mix

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Reduction in Crop Production for Households
with no Active Adult - Zambia
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Difference of HH Cropping Pattern in Poor HHs
with and without Chronically Ill Head - Zambia
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HIV/AIDS Proxy Indicators Cereal Gap () --
Zambia
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HIV/AIDS Proxy Indicators Consumption Gap ()
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Annual Income for Affected and Unaffected
Households Northern Province (SA) -- 2000
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Factors Agro-climatical

• Flooding
• Lack or erratic rainfall Malawi, Lesotho,
  Swaziland, Zambia Zimbabwe
  
• Resources degradation Lesotho, Malawi
• Incidents in Zimbabwe land reform
• Historical food shortages compounded
• Sale of assets particularly cattle

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Factors -- Others

• Deep and wide spread poverty
• Labor market constraints in SA, Malawi, Swaziland
  Lesotho Commercial farm workers in Zimbabwe
  
• Shift of production facilities from Swaziland
  Lesotho to SA
  
• Cut in remittances
• Transport constraints inhibiting movement of
  food- Mozambique

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Effect of production levels practices to
HIV/AIDS

• Both positive and negative effects
• On the positive side
• Assures food security directly and sale of cash
  crops
  
• -- assuring adequate food intake and maintaining
  stamina
  
• -- ensuring nutritionally satisfactory
  consumption
  
• On the negative side,
• Commercial agriculture (plantations) and
  agro-processing
  
• Post harvest phenomena seasonal high income
  induces high consumption of luxury products
  alcohol and commercial sex work
  

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Lessons Challenges for Drylands Development

• Prevalence of HIV in rural areas is low although
  it may be rising very fast
  
• Rate of Incidence depends on the prevailing
  farming systems small holder vs commercial
  agriculture
  
• Prevalence among pastoralists, main occupants of
  dry lands, even lower

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Lessons Challenges (cond)

• Pastoralists will not remain immune with the
  increasing members of their society embarking
  into other economic activities taking urban
  residence
• Prevention of HIV will have to be integrated into
  programs targeting them but it poses major
  challenges because of
  
• Frequent movement of the people
• High level of illiteracy beyond reach of mass
  media
  
• Design of Educational programs attuned to their
  culture and way of life

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Notes

• Swaziland, national poverty line used
• Children U5 wt for age (1995-02)

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Bibliography

• IFPRI, Renewal, HIV/AIDS and the Food Security
  Crisis, Call for Proposals Background Paper,
  July 2003, http//www.ifpri.org/
  
• ONI, S.A., C.L. OBI, and Others, Economic Impact
  of HIV/AIDS on Rural Households, Small holder
  Agricltural Production and Orphans in the
  Northern Province, South Africa, Venda, South
  Africa, 2000
• SADC, Towards Identifying Impacts of HIV/AIDS on
  Food Insecurity in Southern Africa and
  Implications for Response, May 2003
  
• UNAIDS, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic,
  July 2002
  
• UNDP, Human Development Report 2004, 2004

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Thank You