ANCIENT ROME

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ANCIENT ROME
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THE RISE OF ROME

• The Land and the Sea
• A. Crossroads of the Mediterranean
• 1. Italy has an almost subtropical climate
• 2. the Appenine Mountains help protect the
  Italians from invasion at the same time as they
  encouraged them to look west for expansion and
  trade
• 3. Latium and Campania are two of Italys most
  fertile areas.
• 4. The Romans built their city on seven hills,
  including the Palatine, along the Tiber River.

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The Etruscans and Rome (750 509 BCE)

• A. The Etruscans
• 1. The Etruscans played a major role in Italian
  life.
• 2. They engaged in active trading relationships
  with the wider Mediterranean world.
• 3. Their society developed cities much like
  Greek city-states.
• 4. Ruled as kings
• 5. Gave Rome city wall, alphabet, 1st sewer
  system, Roman Forum

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• B. The Romans
• 1. According to legend, Romulus and Remus
  founded Rome in 753 BCE and from then until the
  rape of Lucretia in 509 BCE the Romans lived
  under Etruscan control
• 2. Tarquin the Proud-Last Etruscan King
• 3. The Romans embraced many Etruscan customs

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509 BCE Roman Forms a Republic
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The Roman Conquest of Italy (509 290 BCE)

• A. Over the following two centuries the Romans
  carried out the conquest of Rome
• B. Between 390 and 290 BCE the Romans
  consolidated their gains and reorganized their
  army
• C. The Romans gave their Latin allies
  considerable local autonomy and, for some, the
  possibility of full Roman citizenship

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The Roman State

• A. Social Conflict in Rome
• 1. The Roman constitution was an ever changing
  mix of traditional beliefs, customs, and laws.
• 2. In the early republic, social divisions
  determined the shape of politics
• a. Political power was in the hands of wealthy
  landowners called patricians
• b. The common people were called the plebeians.

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• 3. The most important political institution was
  called the Senate.
• 4. The republic also had several assemblies that
  elected magistrates and passed legislation.
• 5. In 471 BCE, the plebeians won the right to
  their own assembly, the concilium plebis
• 6. Contact with foreigners led to the
  development of a theory of natural law, law
  that
• applied to all societies.
• 7. The Struggle of the Orders was the attempt by
  the plebeians to win political representation and
  to protect their rights from patrician
  domination.

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• 8. Romes need for plebeian soldiers led to
  early reforms
• 9. The lex Canuleia made it legal for patricians
  and plebeians to marry
• 10. The Law of the Twelve Tables (451 BCE) was
  codified as a result of plebeian agitation. Gave
  all free citizen the protection to law. Written
  down!
• 11. The struggle ended in 287 BCE with the
  passage of the lex Hortensia

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• B. Roman Republic
• 1- Executive 2 Consuls elected by assembly for
  one year terms. They are the commander in chiefs
  of military and have the power to veto
• 2. Legislative Senate of 300, chosen from
  aristocracy for life, controls foreign and
  financial policies, advises consuls

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• 3. Judicial 8 Judges chosen for one year by
  Centuriate Assembly, 2 oversee civil and criminal
  cases, 6 govern provinces
• 4. In time of crisis, the republic could appoint
  a DICTATOR a leader who had absolute power to
  make laws and command army. Only for 6 months,
  chosen by consuls and elected by senate.

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Roman Expansion

• A. The Roman conquest of the Mediterranean world
  was not the result of a long-term plan for world
  domination, but the result of Roman efforts to
  eliminate all perceived threats to their society.
• B. The struggle with Carthage for Sicily
  resulted in the First Punic War

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• C. During the Second Punic War Carthage expanded
  its power into Spain.
• 1. Carthages greatest general, Hannibal, lead an
  army all the way to the gates of Rome.
• 2. He was ultimately defeated by the Roman
  general Scipio Africanus.
• D. The Third Punic War ended with the
  destruction of Carthage itself.
• E. At the same time as the Punic wars, Roman
  armies conquered much of the eastern
  Mediterranean.

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Old Values and Greek Culture

• A. Political disturbances in the last centuries
  of the Republic stemmed from the acquisition of
  empire.
• B. Many people responded to the events of the
  second century BCE by reasserting traditional
  Roman values - example Cato the Elder, Roman
  Consul 195 BCE.
• C. The paterfamilias (highest ranking male) was
  the most powerful force in the Roman family in
  the traditional scheme of things.

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• D. Religion played a significant role in Roman
  life.
• E. On the other hand, many people embraced Greek
  urban culture.
• F. Roman military victories brought the bounty
  of the East back to Rome.
• G. Hellenism had a great impact on Roman art,
  literature, and leisure activities.

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The Late Republic (133-31 BCE)

• A. Factional politics and civil wars resulted
  from Romes acquisition of empire.
• B. Romes Italian allies sought full
  citizenship.
• C. A growing number of urban poor led to further
  problems for the Roman state.
• D. The Gracchi Brothers sought land reform for
  the Roman poor and full citizenship for Romes
  Italian allies.

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• E. The Social War resulted from the agitation of
  the Italian allies for full Roman citizenship
• F. The reforms of powerful leaders such as
  Marius and Sulla, the first general to march his
  army inside the walls of Rome, had dangerous
  implications for the republican constitution.
• G. Political leaders such as Marius, Sulla,
  Pompey, and Julius Caesar acquired enormous
  power.
• H. Powerful generals jeopardized republican
  government.
• i. Military turned disloyal as Rome expand.
  Soldiers began to fight for their generals more
  than Rome.

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JULIUS CAESAR (60-44 BCE)

• A. His team Crassus (wealthy) and Pompey
  (general)
• B. 59 BCE Elected Consul for next 10 years
  these 3 men DOMINATED Rome as a triumvirate. To
  remain in power after 1 year, he appointed
  himself governor of Gaul. A military genius, he
  conquered all of Gaul winning support of his men.

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• C. Caesar gains popularity, Pompey gets jealous,
  becomes his rival! Pompey gets senate to orders
  Caesar to disband and come home in 50 BCE
• D. Jan. 10, 49 BCE Caesar defies Senate and
  crosses Rubicon River into Italy and marches army
  towards Rome. Pompey flees! Caesars troops
  crushed Pompeys troops in Greece, Asia, Spain
  Egypt (while there, had a little affair with
  Cleopatra)!

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• E. 46 BCE Caesar returns to Rome with support of
  army and people.
• Senate appoints him DICTATOR! 44 BCE named
  dictator for life

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• F. CAESARS REFORMS
• -absolute ruler
• -granted citizenship to many in provinces
• -expanded Senate
• -Created jobs for poor (Construction)
• -Created colonies for the landless
• -increases soldiers pay
• -improved calendar
• -pressed for honest government
• -planned founding of public libraries
• -gave free grain to extreme poor

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• G. ASSASSINATION
• -Senators feared a loss of their influence,
  considered him a tyrant
• -group of Senators led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius
  Cassius plotted assassination
• -IDES OF MARCH March, 15, 44 BCE stabbed to
  death in Senate Chamber

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OCTAVIAN, MARC ANTONY and LEPIDUS

• A. The 2nd Triumvirate Lepidus retires.
  Octavian and Antony becomes rivals, split empire
  West and East respectively.

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• B. Rome was plagued by civil war in the last
  century of the republic.
• C. Order was restored by Caesars grandnephew
  Octavian (later Augustus) in 31 BCE.
• D. Octavian defeated his rival, Marc Antony, at
  the Battle of Actium, a naval battle, in 31 BCE

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THE PAX ROMANA (27 BCE-180 CE)

• Augustus Settlement (31BCE 14 CE)
• A. The Principate and the Restored Republic
• 1. Octavian used the guise of restoring the
  Republic.
• 2. In reality, Octavian created a constitutional
  monarchy.
• 3. He called himself princeps civitatis (first
  citizen of the state).
• 4. Octavian assumed most of the important civil
  and religious offices of Rome.
• 5. Much of his power resided in his role as
  commander of the army.

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• B. Augustuss Administration of the Provinces
• 1. Augustus encouraged local self-government and
  respect for local customs.
• 2. He also fostered the cult of Roma, goddess of
  Rome, and of himself deified (in the East). This
  served as cultural glue for the Empire.

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• C. Roman Expansion into Northern and Western
  Europe
• 1. Rome expanded into northwest Europe (Spain,
  Gaul, Britain, and western Germany).
• 2. Rome also expanded north from the
  Mediterranean to the Danube.
• 3. Roads and military settlements brought Roman
  culture to newly conquered provinces.

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• 4. Local peoples adopted Roman culture because
  it was flexible and convenient and because it
  was necessary for upward mobility in the Empire.
• 5. The city of Lyon exemplified a Roman
  provincial city, with its amphitheater and other
  Roman buildings.

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• D. Literary Flowering
• 1. This period is generally referred to as the
  Golden Age of Roman Literature.
• 2. This age produced well-known writers such as
  Horace, Virgil, Livy, and Ovid.
• 3. Roman writers of the Empire celebrated the
  dignity of humanity and the peace and stability
  of the Pax Romana

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ARCHITECTURE

• A. COLOSSEUM-The Name Colosseum comes from the
  Latin word meaning GIGANTIC!!
• 1. BUILT AD 72-82
• 2. Building began under Vespasian, opened by
  Titus, and completed by Domitian.
• 3. CAPACITY 45,000-50,000 people
• 4. MATERIALS Stone and concrete
• 5. SIZE 157 Feet high, 620 feet long
• 6. 80 entrances, central arena, elevators and
  ramps from the cells and animal cages
• 7. Held events GLADIATOR FIGHTS!!!

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• B. GLADIATORS
• 1. Gladiators were slaves and freemen! Used for
  entertainment!
• 2. Emperors put of GAMES to appease their
  citizens and to show their power!
• 3. Men and women both were gladiators!
• 4. Fought each other and wild animals lions,
  tigers, elephants, hippos
• 5. Many animal populations were severely hurt!

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• C. PANTHEON
• 1. Built 118-126 AD by Hadrian
• 2. Roman Temple built to honor gods
• 3. Built as a Roman Temple and later used as
  Catholic Church

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LANGUAGE AND LATIN

• About ½ of the words in present-day English come
  from languages other than English!
• A. Romance Languages Languages that developed
  from Latin!
• Romans spoke something called Vulgar Latin
• Each area had its owe dialect version of Latin
• These dialects became separate languages
• -Such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese,
  and Romanian

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• B. Germanic Languages
• 1. Languages that came from Germanic Tribes
• Germanic Languages English, German, Polish,
  Russian, and Scandinavian dialects are just a few!

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The Coming of Christianity.

• A. Unrest in Judaea
• 1. The first century witnessed the rise and
  spread of Christianity.
• 2. Christianity originated in Judaea under Roman
  occupation. The background to Christs life was
  frequent and sometimes bloody clashes between
  Jews and the Roman occupiers.

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• 3. There were two primary responses to Roman
  domination among the Jews.
• a) The Zealots (sect of Jews) aimed to expel the
  Romans from Judaea by violence and refused to pay
  taxes to the Romans.
• b) Other Jews awaited a Messiah who would
  destroy the Roman Empire and save the Jews.

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• B. The Life and Teachings of Jesus
• 1. Jesus of Nazareth was born in Galilee, a
  stronghold of the Zealots.
• 2. The principal evidence for the life and deeds
  of Jesus is the four Gospels of the New
  Testament.
• 3. More gospels existed in antiquity than are
  now included in the New Testament.
• 4. Jesus teachings were essentially Jewish.

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• C. The Spread of Christianity
• 1. Paul of Tarsus, a Hellenized Jew, asserted
  that Christianity was universal for Gentiles
  (non-Jews) as well as Jews.
• 2. Early Christians were not as systematically
  persecuted as once believed.
• 3. Because Christianity reached Rome, capital of
  the known world, early, it spread rapidly
  throughout much of the Empire.

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• D. The Appeal of Christianity.
• 1. Christianity appealed to common people and
  the poor with its sense of belonging (the Lords
  Supper), its offer of salvation in the afterlife,
  and its insistence on the importance of every
  human being in the divine plan.

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• E. Death of Jesus
• 1. Jesus popularity threaten Roman and Jewish
  leaders. Roman governor, Pontius Pilate accused
  Jesus of defying the power of Rome. Jesus
  sentenced to death by crucifixion
• 2. After death, his body was placed in a tomb
  and according to the Gospels, 3 days later it was
  gone, and a living Jesus began appearing and
  finally ascended to heaven
• 3. Because of this.Jesus followers were more
  convinced he was the messiah (savior)..They
  began to call him JESUS CHRIST. CHRIST comes
  from the Greek word Christos meaning savior, the
  word Christianity came from

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The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians (27 BCE 96
CE)

• A. Claudius created an efficient bureaucracy of
  professional administrators.
• B. The army and the Praetorian Guard assumed
  greater power in political affairs and set a
  negative precedent in the Roman state.
• C. Neros inept rule let to military rebellion
  and his death in 68 CE.
• D. Vespasian brutally suppressed rebellion in
  Judaea (68 70 BCE).

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FIRE 64 CE
NERO
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The Age of the Five Good Emperors

• A. The Antonine Monarchy
• 1. Hadrian further bureaucratized the government
  and separated civil from military service.
• B. Changes in the Army
• 1. Under the Flavian emperors the frontiers
  became firmly fixed.
• 2. By Hadrians day the Roman army had become a
  garrison force and many common soldiers were
  barbarians, not Romans.
• 3. Hadrian secured Romes frontiers- Hadrians
  Wall

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Life in the Golden Age

• A. Imperial Rome
• 1. Rome had a population of between 500,000 and
  750,000.
• 2. Supplying the city with cheap grain was a
  constant preoccupation of the imperial
  government.
• 3. The emperor provided entertainment to the
  city in the form of gladiatorial contests and
  chariot racing.

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• B. Rome and the Provinces
• 1. Latin was used throughout the empire for
  legal and religious purposes.
• 2. A new culture emerged out of the interactions
  of the communities that made up the Roman Empire.
• 3. Cities were centers of interaction between
  Romans and the people they ruled.

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THE COLLAPSE OF ROME

• Economic Troubles
• A. Hostile tribes outside boundaries and pirates
  on Mediterranean Sea disrupted trade!
• B. Reached limit of expansion, could not get new
  resources (gold and silver)
• C. Desperate for revenue, taxes are raised and
  coins minted not worth their face value
• D. INFLATION drop of value of and increase in
  prices
• E. Agriculture harvest suffer due to overworked
  land and war
• F. Food shortages and disease spread.

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• Military and Political Turmoil
• Soldiers less disciplined and loyal, fight for
  general not Rome.
• Mercenaries foreign soldiers hired to fight, had
  less loyalty to empire
• Citizen loyalty drops, indifference emerges
• Lack of motivated, worthy emperors

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• Civil Wars and Invasions in the Third Century
• A. Barbarians on the Frontiers
• 1. Civil war in Rome coincided with massive
  migrations of barbarian peoples on their
  frontiers.
• 2. Migrating peoples took advantage of weakened
  Roman defenses.
• B. Turmoil in Farm and village Life
• 1. Imperial officials squeezed peasants hard for
  taxes.

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Reconstruction Under Diocletian and Constantine
(284-337 CE)

• A. Diocletian reorganized the administration and
  fixed prices and wages.
• 1. Splits Empire
• -EAST Greek Speaking (Greece, Anatolia, Syria,
  Egypt)
• - WEST- Latin Speaking (Italy, Gaul, Britain,
  Spain)

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• B. Constantine made tax-collecting positions
  into a hereditary class.
• C. Small farms declined as wealthy landlords
  reclaimed abandoned land and created great
  estates farmed by dependent clients (serfs).
• D. Constantine recognized Christianity as a
  legitimate religion.
• E. Constantine also built a new capital, called
  Constantinople (on the site of the Greek city of
  Byzantium).

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• F. Despite reforms, decline could not be
  checked.
• G. Last Emperor, Romulus Augustulus removed 476
  CE
• H. Western part of empire falls into the
  dark/middle ages. Eastern half becomes Byzantine
  Empire.

Romulus Augustulus giving up his crown
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From the Classical World to Late Antiquity (ca
200 700 CE).

• A. Late Antiquity was simultaneously a world of
  continuity and change.
• B. By 500 CE the Mediterranean had split
  between the Greek East and the Latin West.
• C. Barbarians and educated Romans in the West
  needed each other and created a shared culture.