Glossary of Usage Page 236

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Glossary of UsagePage 236

• Informal vs. Formal language
• Informal casual conversation, personal writing
• Formal serious speaking and writing
• Standard Vs. Nonstandard
• Standard grammatically correct and appropriate
  in all situations
• Nonstandard suitable only in very casual
  speaking situations

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Glossary of Usage

• Accept vs. except accept to receive. Except
  to leave out or excluding
• Everyone accepted the terms except him.
• Affect vs. effect
• Affect (v) to influence.
• Effect (n) the result of some action or (v)
  to bring about or to accomplish
• While your attitude didnt affect my feelings, it
  did have an effect on my work.
• Did the medicine effect a cure?
• Allusion vs. Illusion
• An allusion is an indirect reference to something
  
• The poems title is an allusion to a Hopi folk
  tale.
• An illusion is a mistaken idea or misleading
  appearance
• The magician was a master of illusion.

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Glossary of Usage

• Invented vs. discovered-
• Discover- find/see/learn something that already
  exists
• Invent- to be the first to make/do something
• Being as or being that vs. because or since
• being as and being that are nonstandard
• Being as he was late, he had to stand.
• Being that she ran fast, she won the race.
• Use because or since instead
• Since he was late, he had to stand
• Because she ran fast, she won the race.

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Glossary of Usage

• Leave vs. let
• Leave go away
• Leave me alone!
• Let allow or permit
• Let me be!
• Of vs. have
• Do not use of in place of have
• I should have
• Not I should of.
• Do not use of after other prepositions such as
  inside, off, outside
• I stayed inside the lines
• Not I stayed inside of the lines
• I jumped off the board
• Not I jumped off of the board

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Glossary of Usage

• Way vs. ways
• Use way, not ways, when referring to a distance
• Its a long way from Vermont to California.
• Between vs. among
• Use between when referring to two things at a
  time, even if they are a part of a larger group
• A strong bond exists between the twins.
• I paused between chapters.
• Use among when referring to all members of a
  group rather than to separate individuals
• The ten students divided the points among
  themselves.
• We distributed the pamphlets among the crowd
• Like vs. as
• In formal situations, do not use the preposition
  like for the conjunction as, as if, or as though
  to introduce a subordinate clause
• Informal You should behave like a good citizen.
• Formal You should behave as a good citizen.

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Glossary of Usage

• Emigrated vs. immigrated
• Emigrate means to leave a country and settle
  elsewhere.
• Many people emigrated from Ireland during the
  great famine
• Immigrate means to come into a country to settle
  there.
• My grandfather immigrated here a hundred years
  ago.
• Good vs. well
• Good is an adjective. It should not be used to
  modify a verb
• Well may be used as an adjective or an adverb
• He played well during most of the game.
• I do well at math.
• Bad vs. badly
• Bad is an adjective
• He was bad in class.
• Badly is an adverb
• He behaved very badly in class.

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Glossary of Usage

• Infer vs. imply
• Imply means to suggest
• Are you implying that you dont like me?
• Infer means to interpret or to draw as a
  conclusion
• I can infer from your behavior that you dont
  like me.
• Take vs. bring
• Bring means to come carrying something
• Bring your books to class tomorrow.
• Take means to go away carrying something
• Your books are under your desk. Take them home
  with you.

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Glossary of Usage

• Less vs. fewer
• Less tells how much. Use it with things you
  cannot count
• I will have less enthusiasm if you make me sad.
• We should have bought less meat.
• Fewer tells how many. Use it with things you
  can count
• If you brush more often, youll have fewer
  cavities.
• There are fewer people in the class today.
• Lay vs. Lie
• Lie means to rest, to recline, or to be in a
  place.
• I think I will lie down for awhile.
• The baby is lying down.
• Lay means to put something in a place.
• I will lay my coat here for a while.
• I am laying the baby down in the crib.

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The Phrase

• A Phrase is a group of related words that is used
  as a part of speech and that does not contain
  both a verb and its subject

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The Prepositional Phrase

• A prepositional phrase includes a preposition,
  the object of the preposition, and any modifiers
  of that object

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The Adjective Phrase

• A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a
  pronoun is called an adjective phrase

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The Adverb Phrase

• A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an
  adjective, or an adverb is called an adverb phrase

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Verbals

• A verbal is formed from a verb, and is used as
  an adjective, noun, or adverb. The three types of
  verbals are participle, gerund, and infinitive.

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The Participle

• Participle verb form used as an adjective
• Present participles end in ing
• Boiling water
• Smiling child
• Singing movie star
• Past participles usually end in ed or d
• Grilled salmon
• Damaged building
• Fallen rock
• Shaven hair

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The Gerund

• A Gerund is a verb from that ends in ing and is
  used as a noun.
• A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and any
  modifiers or complements it has. The whole phrase
  is used as a noun.
• Subject Reading will improve your vocabulary.
• Predicate nominative One popular summer sport is
  swimming in a pool.
• Direct object They enjoy cooking together.
• Indirect object She is giving working full time
  careful thought.
• Object of preposition After studying, how do you
  relax?
• Tip if you can substitute a pronoun like it or
  that for the ing ending word, it is a gerund

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Infinitive

• An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as
  a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Most begin
  with to
• An infinitive phrase is the infinitive and any
  modifiers
• Noun To err is human. He wants to act.
• Adjective She is the one to ask.
• Adverb The team was slow to score.

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Appositive

• An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed beside
  another noun or pronoun to identify or describe
  it.
• My cousin Bryan is my best friend.
• Soledad, a cautious driver, never had an
  accident.
• A diligent and quick-witted student, Mark always
  gets good grades.
• An appositive phrase the appositive modifiers

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Appositive

• An Appositive that is not essential to meaning of
  sentence uses commas
• Karens sister, Maria, is also a sophomore. (if
  karen has only one sister)
• An Appositive that tells which one of two or more
  is essential to the meaning and does not use
  commas
• Karens sister Maria is also a sophomore. (if
  Karen has more than one sister)

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Types of phrases

• Prepositional phrases
• Adjective phrase
• Adverb phrase
• Verbals
• Participle
• Gerund
• Infinitive
• Appositives

• Preposition modifiers
• Modifies noun/pronoun
• Modifies verb, adj., adv.
• Verb to modify
• Verbal used as adj.
• Ends in ing, used as noun
• to form of verb, used as n, adj, adv

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Complements

• Always found in predicate
• Word or word group that completes the meaning of
  the verb
• Never adverbs
• Never in prepositional phrases
• If Action verb---- then Direct Object (who or
  what receives action) or Indirect Object (to whom
  or what the action is done)
• If Linking verb---- then Subject Compliment
• Predicate Nominative (noun/pronoun) or
• Predicate Adjective (adjective)

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Works Cited

• Costume. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.
  Scholastic Library Publishing, 2004. 4 November
  2004. lthttp//gme.grolier.comgt.
• Jones, Amanda. Photography for Teenagers. New
  York Columbia UP. 1998.
• Myers, Jessica. European Fashion. National
  Geographic. June 2001 15-16.

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Rhetorical Strategies

• Ethos
• appeal based on the character of the speaker. An
  ethos-driven document relies on the reputation of
  the author. Logos
• appeal based on logic or reason. Documents
  distributed by companies or corporations are
  logos-driven. Scholarly documents are also often
  logos-driven. Pathos
• appeal based on emotion. Advertisements tend to
  be pathos-driven.

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Rhetorical Tools

• Explanation provide a detailed overview of the
  topic
• Illustration provide a small-scale specific
  example of the topic
• Cause and Effect provide an example of how one
  thing caused another
• Comparison and Contrast provide a comparison
  between one aspect of the topic and another
• Classification provide a distinction between
  separate parts of the topic

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• Narration provide a step by step account of
  action related to the topic
• Anecdotes, Stories, Metaphors These cast an
  issue in a favorable or unfavorable light, or can
  highlight or suppress certain aspects. They work
  by suggesting a likeness between a character and
  the listener, or a situation and the listener's.
  What is emphasized or suppressed is the key.
• Rapport How does the author go about building a
  sense of friendliness and receptivity on the part
  of the audience?