Best Practices in Energy Efficiency

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Best Practices in Energy Efficiency
Retro-Commissioning
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Agenda

• Energy, The Big Picture
• How to Save Energy
• OM Approaches to Energy Savings
• What is Commissioning?
• Retro-Commissioning

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The American Building Contribution

• If U.S. uses 25 of global energy
• and U.S. Buildings require 40 of U.S. energy
• Then 10 of global energy use is

U.S. Buildings
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(No Transcript)
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The Energy Savings Equation
kWhsaved kWhbaseline - kWhpost retrofit

• Energy savings is not a one-time reading

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Energy Calculation
Energy Power Runtime kWh kW hrs Annual
Energy (kWh/yr) Input Power (kW)
Runtime(hrs/yr) Notes kW can be taken from
tables, calculated or measured with
meters Runtime can be estimated or measured with
meters
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Tools for Identifying Energy Opportunities

• Benchmarking Tools
• Commercial Building Surveys
• Energy Audits
• Monitoring and Trending
• Commissioning

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Is Your Building a Poor Performer?
http//poet.lbl.gov/cal-arch/
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Where Does the Energy Go?
2003 U.S. Commercial Buildings

• 2005 Building Energy Outlook-USDOE
• Annual Energy Outlook 2003-USDOE
• BOMA Datahttp//www.boma.org/
• PGE Commercial Building Surveyshttp//www.pge.co
  m/biz/energy_tools_resources/building_survey/inde
  x.html

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PGE Commercial Building Surveys
Grocery
Large office building
http//www.pge.com/biz/energy_tools_resources/buil
ding_survey/index.html
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Why Measure?

• Identify energy-saving opportunities
• Quantify energy savings from upgrade to facility
• Understand where energy is going
• Understand building operations
• Demonstrate improved building operations
• Understand performance of new strategy or
  equipment
• Diagnose equipment problems
• Identify demand response strategies
• Understand utility costs
• Other reasons?

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Measuring Surface Temperature

• Temperature of difficult to reach locations
• Temperature of extremely hot or dangerous
  surfaces
• Determine if simultaneous heating and cooling is
  occurring

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Examining Illuminance Levels
Retail level
40
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Theater level
7
50
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Space Temperature Setbacks
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Monitoring Air Side Economizers

• Measurements
• SA db (shielded)
• MA db
• RA db
• OA db (shielded)
• Monitor for 1-2 weeks

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Performance Graph Example 1
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Performance Graph Example 2
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Runtime MonitoringkWh kW x Runtime

• Measures the hours of operation
• Constant HVAC loads
• Non-dimmable lighting
• Pumps (constant speed)
• Fans (constant speed)
• Boilers
• Single-stage compressors

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Runtime Data

• Records only ON and OFF conditions
• Very effective use of memory
• Not acceptable for variable power loads
• Sensor types
• Light level
• Electro-magnetic field
• Vibration
• Can convert other data to runtime
• Temperature
• Light
• Amperage

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What are Electro-Magnetic Fields (EMF)?

• Motors generate this when they run
• Electric current charges windings creating EMF
• EMF causes magnets (rotors) in motor to rotate
• Motor loggers pick up this field
• Sensors read mili-gauss

http//www.electricmotorsales.net/AC2020DC20Mo
tors.html
EMF
http//mapex.com/motor.html
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Motor Run Time Data
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Run-Time Data from Status Loggers
Fan continuous on
Compressor over-cycling
Over-cycling zoomed in
Cooling tower fan
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Data from Timer Controls
Retail Example
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Verify Lighting Controls
Garage Example
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Continuous Power and Energy kWh kW x Runtime

• Measures connected load and runtime
• Required for varying or multi-staged loads
• Dimmable lighting
• Chillers
• Multi-staged compressors
• VFDs
• Plug-loads

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Baselining Electric Use
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Kirsch Center, De Anza College
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Kirsch Center Data
Total power
Site and interior lighting
Miscellaneous transformer
Chiller
Other mechanical
Boiler pump
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Status Data for Natural Gas Systems
Single-line Diagram
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Dis-aggregation Preliminary Findings
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Domestic Hot Water Boiler

• Used light loggers facing flame
• Full combustion easily distinguished from pilot
  light
• Shielded sensor from overhead light

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Analyzing DHW Data

• Cycling of boiler visible in data from master gas
  meter and data logger
• Usage rate is steady
• Each 5-minute cycle uses 9 cubic feet of gas on
  average

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Heating Hot Water Boiler

• The most difficult gas load to measure and
  analyze
• Experimented with light and temperature loggers
• Light loggers facing flame and shielded from heat
• Temperature probe in flue

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Analyzing HHW Data

• Run time does correlate to light and temperature,
  but
• Usage rate is NOT steady
• Developed a regression to correlate light level
  to CF gas
• Regression produced multiplier for converting
  light data to CF gas
• Total is within 3 of actual

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Gas Data Disaggregated

• Heating hot water system accounts for 91 of gas
  use at PEC
• Is 75 in typical CA office
• Is worth investigating this system further

Typical California office
Pacific Energy Center
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What Is Commissioning?

• Commissioning is a systematic process of ensuring
  that all building systems are operating properly.

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Commissioning is Quality Assurance

• A coordination process to optimize building
  performance (comfort, reliability, safety,
  energy)
• Articulating/verifying energy-related design
  intent
• Construction observation warranty enforcement
• Controlling first cost
• Training operators
• Enhancing safety and risk management
• Creating more cohesion among team members

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Types of Commissioning (Cx)

• New Construction Commissioning
• Integrated into design/construction process
• Completed before occupancy
• Required by LEED-NC
• vs.
• Existing Building Commissioning
• Renovations, additions retrofits
• Data available on building operation history
• Required by LEED-EB

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Beyond New Construction Commissioning
Retro-commissioning
New construction commissioning
On going commissioning
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Why Commission?

• Owners do not typically receive fully functional
  building systems
• Owners face increasing numbers of performance
  problems
• Buildings have more complex life safety,
  security, communication, and comfort control
  systems
• Building systems are becoming increasingly
  specialized and integrated
• Many problems are masked by energy-wasting
  process
• Multiple trades and contracts are involved
  (fragmentation)
• Conflicting loyalties and objectives
• Increasing costs (change orders, call backs)
• Emphasis on fast track
• Design fees do not reflect reality
• Requirements LEED, CHPS, Title 24

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Building problems (a.k.a. deficiencies) are
pervasive

• These include Design flaws Construction defects
  Malfunctioning equipment Deferred maintenance

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Types of Deficiencies Discovered
New (N3300)
Existing (N3500)
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Cost Outliers
Smaller bldgs tend to have higher Cx costs
Larger bldgs tend to achieve economies of scale
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First-cost savings alone can pay for cost of Cx!
Evan Mills The Cost-Effectiveness of Commercial
Buildings Commissioning, 2004
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Pre and Post Commissioning Data
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Energy Center Commissioning

• Commissioned existing facility in 2000-2001
• Square footage 30,000
• Cost of commissioning 52,000
• Cost per square foot 1.73
• Reduced energy use by 26
• Reduced demand by 32
• Average annual cost savings of 11,400
• Improved occupant comfort
• Demonstration project justified additional cost
• Effort benefited ongoing coursework on
  commissioning
• Design Intent identified varied perspectives of
  facility staff
• Products include problem log and systems manual
• Major obstacles
• Time overruns
• Limited expertise of controls contractor

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Payback Times New Construction
Payback times not always attractive (if NEBs
excluded)
Median Payback Time 4.8 years
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Payback Times Existing Buildings
Excluding NEIs
Attractive payback times across a range of Cx
costs
Median Payback Time 0.7 years
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Other Benefits of Commissioning

• Smoother turnover
• Improved comfort
• Reduced construction and warranty issues
• More complete documentation
• Tenant / occupant satisfaction
• Avoided OM costs / increased reliability
• Lower utility bills
• Improved Net Operating Income (NOI)
• Provides a benchmark

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A Description of the Cx Process
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Four Phases of Commissioning

• Pre-design
• Design
• Installation / Construction
• Post Acceptance / Warranty

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Pre-Design Phase Objectives

• Develop the Commissioning Scope of Work
• Select a commissioning provider
• Incorporate commissioning requirements into A/E
  Request for Proposals
• Ideally, prepare the design documentation
  requirements for inclusion into the A/E RFP

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Design Phase Cx Objectives

• Provide commissioning-focused design review
• Ensure that design and operational intent are
  documented
• Ensure that commissioning is reflected in the bid
  documents (specifications)
• Tasks
• Develop Draft Cx plan
• Gather or Develop written design documentation
  (design intent)
• Perform a commissioning focused design review
  (50 and 90)
• Develop Cx specifications for bid documents
• Facilitate Performance Testing and OM

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Construction Phase Objectives

• Ensure systems and equipment work separately and
  together according to design
• Document findings and resolutions
• Tasks
• Lead the Cx Kick-Off Meeting
• Finalize the Commissioning Plan
• Perform submittal review
• Develop checklists and test procedures
• Perform construction observation
• Perform verifications / witness start-ups
• Begin to perform functional performance tests

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Warranty Phase Objectives

• Ensure systems and equipment work separately and
  together according to design
• Establish strategies for persistence
• Tasks
• Perform seasonal testing and deferred testing
• Continue trend logging
• Ensure OM manuals are complete
• Complete Systems or Recommissioning Manual (LEED)
• Oversee building operator training
• Complete the Final Cx Report

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Cx Activities

• Involve
• Reviewing identifying - resolving
• Observing identifying resolving
• Verifying identifying - resolving
• Testing identifying - resolving
• Overarching to all of these is
• Writing
• Communicating
• Documenting

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The Commissioning Team

• Building owner or property manager
• Commissioning provider
• Design professionals
• General Contractor
• Installing contractors
• Facility Manager/Bldg. Operator
• Testing specialist

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Documentation Produced
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Documentation Produced

• Cx Plan
• Design intent document
• MV plan
• Problem log
• Functional tests
• Systems manual
• Training documents
• Proposal with cost and savings data

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Problem Log - Numerous Items Identified Put
Into Their Lane Lines
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Persistence
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Existing Building Cx in California (SMUD)
Avg of 8 buildings
Avg of 7 buildings
Avg of 4 buildings
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Emergence Persistence of Energy Savings
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PEC Electric Power Data
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New Construction Persistence Research Results
Red did not persist Blue persisted
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Examples from Projects
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Fixed Economizer Actuator Motor
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Looking at Scheduling
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Looking at Multiple Trends
Why doesnt the AHU ever shut off ?
Looks like there are not any equipment lockouts
Why is the TES system melting ice at night?
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Hot Water System Evaluation Trending

• It takes all of Monday to heat up the HW Loop

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First Observations Obvious Problems - Sensors
OSA Humidity
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Resources
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Resources

• PECIhttp//www.peci.org
• CA Commissioning Collaborative online
  libraryhttp//resources.cacx.org/library/
• LBNL cost-benefit study(and spreadsheet
  download) http//eetd.lbl.gov/emills/PUBS/Cx-Costs
  -Benefits.html
• Commissioning Functional Test Guidehttp//buildin
  gs.lbl.gov/hpcbs/FTG
• Design Intent Toolhttp//ateam.lbl.gov/DesignInte
  nt/home.html
• Energy Design Resourceshttp//energydesignresourc
  es.com
• Pacific Energy Center Cx workshops!

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Resources

• www.cacx.org

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Resources

• coming soon
• www.cacx.org

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The Functional Testing Guide

• a tool for design review as well as testing

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Persistence Study

• Load up your CD!
• Download from California Cx Collaboratives
  Online Library
• www.cacx.org/library

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Integrated Design Resources
http//www.ctg-net.com/EDR/IntegratedDesign/
www.energydesignresources.com
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PGE Commissioning Program

• 40 buildings for investigation over next year
• Preliminary evaluation of potential facilities
  will happen first
• 3 consultants contracted to do investigation
  (Free service)
• Findings with 1 year or less payback customer
  agrees to fund
• Additional money to buy down other upgrades
  (0.156/kWh or 1.00/therm)
• To be included talk to PGE account manager

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PECI Third Party RCx Program

• The PECI Retrocommissioning Program (currently
  showcased in the SDGE territory) is a unique
  energy efficiency effort aimed to achieve
  cost-effective peak energy and demand savings and
  establish a framework for a long-term,
  comprehensive retrocommissioning program. The
  program is designed to expand retrocommissioning
  capabilities in California by directly addressing
  market barriers, as well as ensure persistence of
  benefits from retrocommissioning. In the program,
  these objectives are met through the development
  of retrocommissioning protocols, building
  operator and commissioning provider trainings,
  and buildings operation tracking systems.
  Furthermore, to effectively market
  retrocommissioning services, the program
  leverages existing relationships among building
  owners, the utilities, and local governments.

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The Tool Lending Library
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TLL homepage www.pge.com/pec/tll
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On-line Tool Request Form

• Method for all loans
• Information requested
• About borrower
• About project
• Sends automatic email to TLL staff
• Typical response is within 24 hours
• Tools can be shipped across California

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Sign-out Sheet

• To borrow tools
• Business card
• Signature
• Agree
• To return tools
• That borrower is liable for damages to equipment
  and/or customer facility
• Use licensed electrician for installing meters on
  equipment over 12v
• Software cannot be copied for use after loan

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On-line Catalog
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Application Notes
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Thanks!