Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

1
Climate Change Mitigation Strategies in the
Indian Context
Ajay Mathur Bureau of Energy Efficiency Governmen
t of India
2
India Total Primary Energy Supply

• Total primary energy supply has increased from
  about 350 million toe in 1990 to about 580 Mtoe
  in 2004 an increase of about 2.2 per year

3
India Carbon Dioxide Emissions

• CO2 emissions have increased at about 2.7 per
  year the faster growth in emissions reflects the
  decreasing share of biomass
• Emissions from India account for 3 of cumulative
  global emissions

4
India - Intensity Trends

• Economic growth has been much faster
  consequently energy intensity and carbon
  intensity has been declining

5
Energy Intensity is amongst the lowest in the
world

• Japan, Denmark, UK and Brazil have lower energy
  intensity
• Energy intensity is declining at about 1.5 per
  year

6
India - Energy Use Perspective

• Energy use and CO2 emissions in India are
  increasing due to increasing quality of life, and
  to economic growth
• Household energy consumption is extremely low,
  and needs to increase in order to enhance quality
  of life
• Intensity of economic energy use is efficient,
  and declining due to competitiveness and
  increasing share of services in the economy
• Energy and economic growth have been effectively
  decoupled but both will continue to grow
• Transition from biomass to fossil fuels, with
  rising incomes, is a major driver of increasing
  CO2 emissions

7
Future Energy Use in India

• Energy demand is increasing due to rising
  incomes, accelerated industrialization,
  urbanization and population growth
• The Integrated Energy Policy estimates that
  energy requirements will increase by more than
  50 every decade
• 2003-04 572 Mtoe
• 2016-17 842-916 Mtoe
• 2026-27 1406-1561 Mtoe

8
Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

• Reduction in energy and carbon intensities
• Fuel shift to gas
• Enhanced share of modern renewables
• Promotion of end-use energy efficiency
• Enhanced power generation efficiency
• Increased afforestation

9
Clean Development Mechanism

• CDM provides a market-based financial incentive
  to projects which generate certified emission
  reductions
• The CERs are purchased by developed-country firms
  to meet compliance with GHG emission reduction
  requirements
• 0ver 350 projects from India have been registered
  as CDM projects, and are expected to generate
  over 31 million tons of CO2 emission reductions
  every year
• Over two-thirds of these projects are small
  projects, developed by local entrepreneurs using
  available technologies and local finance
• The projects have attracted investment of over
  Rs. 40,000 crores

10
Renewable Energy Initiatives

• Minimum procurement requirement for
  grid-connected renewables
• Regulators are required to specify minimum
  percentage of electricity procurement from
  renewables
• Impetus to wind, cogeneration and small hydro
  India has fourth largest windpower installation
• CDM has reduced risks of adoption of newer
  technologies
• Incentives for grid-connected solar and wind
  electricity

11
Renewable Energy Initiatives

• Decentralized distributed generation
• Regulatory and financial incentives for
  renewables-based decentralized distributed
  generation
• Only high-cost PV-based systems are available
  low-cost renewable energy products need to be
  developed
• Integration in building design
• Solar Hot Water systems are being required in
  large, 24-hour use buildings

12
Energy Efficiency Initiatives

• Regulating power plant energy efficiency
• Regulators are tightening powerplant conversion
  efficiency norms
• Appliance standards and labeling
• House-hold refrigerators, fluorescent tube
  lights, air conditioners, motors and transformers
  have been included in the programme on voluntary
  basis
• Labels for other appliances/equipment, such as
  LPG burners, vehicles, ceiling fans and consumer
  electronics are under preparation
• Energy Conservation Building Code
• Launched in May 2007 on voluntary basis applies
  to new, large commercial buildings
• Reduces energy demand by 40 to 60
• Capacity building under way, over 300
  ECBC-compliant building starts in 2007-08

13
Energy Efficiency Initiatives

• Demand-Side Management
• Adoption of CFLs by households
• Upgradation of energy efficiency in
  municipalities and existing buildings through
  third-party performnce contracting
• CDM is being utilized to incentivize these
  programmes
• Enhancing efficiency in energy-intensive industry
• Required reporting of energy-use data periodic
  energy audits and appointment of energy managers
• Energy efficiency improvement norms being
  developed
• Challenge is to tuck-in the tail of inefficiency

14
National Action Plan on Climate Change

• Eight national missions, highlighting directional
  shifts, form the core of the Action Plan four
  deal with mitigation
• Mission documents under preparation
• National Solar Mission
• Significantly increase share of solar and other
  renewables and non-fossil options in the energy
  mix
• Decentralized distributed generation based on PV
• Grid-connected solar thermal power plants
• RD programmes for more affordable and more
  convenient solar power systems, and for power
  storage

15
National Action Plan on Climate Change

• National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
• Market-based mechanism to enhance
  energy-efficiency in industry
• Market transformation towards efficient
  appliances and equipment
• Financing of Demand-Side Management measures
• Fiscal instruments
• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
• Extend application of ECBC, and incentives for
  retooling existing buildings
• Recycling of materials, and urban waste
  management
• Better urban planning, and modal shift to public
  transport

16
National Action Plan on Climate Change

• National Mission for a Green India
• Enhanced afforesatation on degraded forest lands
• Direct action by communities through Joint Forest
  Management
• Initial corpus through the Compensatory
  Afforestation Management and Planning Authority

17
India Climate Change Mitigation Perspective

• Energy and carbon intensity are declining
• Energy use and carbon emissions will continue to
  rise
• Accelerated GHG mitigation with adverse impacts
  on poverty alleviation and economic growth is
  unacceptable
• International carbon trade has spurred
  accelerated GHG mitigation
• Energy efficiency and renewable energy
  initiatives are being spurred by CDM
• Mitigation benefits are flowing from current
  renewable-energy and energy-efficiency policies
  as a co-benefit
• The National Action Plan on Climate Change has
  provided a directional shift towards a low-carbon
  development strategy