The Promise of Wave Power

1
The Promise of Wave Power

• Wave Energy Lead Professors
• Annette von Jouanne (EECS), Ted Brekken (EECS),
  Bob Paasch (ME),
• Solomon Yim (CE/Ocean), Alex Yokochi (ChE)
• College of Engineering, Oregon State University
• Excellent Multidisciplinary Group of Graduate
  Students
• (EE, OE, ME, CS, Physics)
• Oregon Coastal Community Contributors
• Fishermen Involved in Natural Energy (FINE)
• Newport Wave Energy Team (local government,
  utilities, other stakeholders)

2
OSUs Multidisciplinary Wave Energy Team is
Pursuing Wave Energy Innovation in Three Thrust
Areas

1. Researching wave energy generation technology
2. Linear Test Bed
3. Development of the Northwest National Marine
   Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) (Includes
   environmental and community studies)

3
Energy Outlook

• US produces 25 of global greenhouse gases.
• China adds one large coal plant per week and the
  energy production of England every year.

4
Wave Energy

• It is estimated that if 0.2 of the oceans
  untapped energy could be harnessed, it could
  provide power sufficient for the entire world.
• Tidal
• Current
• Temperature gradient (OTEC and SWAC)
• Salinity
• Wave
• Compared to other renewables, wave energy has
  advantages
• Higher availability
• More predictable and forecastable up to 10 hours
  forecast time
• Low viewshed impact
• At present, wave energy is estimated at 20-30
  cents per kwh. Coal and wind are 4 to 9 cents
  per kwh.
• Wave energy is about 20-30 years behind wind, but
  it is predicted that wave energy can catch up
  quickly.

5
Where Do Waves Come From?

• Uneven heating of the earths surface causes
  wind.
• Wind drives the waves.
• Waves are a concentrated form of solar energy.

George Hagerman
6
Wave Mechanics
Andrews and Jelley

• Water particles move in circular orbit decreasing
  in radius as depth increases.
• Energy is transmitted, not water.
• Wave speed (phase speed)
• Using a typical Oregon wave of 100 m wavelength,
  this gives a wave speed of around 12 m/s or 25
  mph.

7
Wave Power Propagation
Andrews and Jelley

• Energy in one wavelength per unit width is
• 50 of energy is kinetic and the other 50 is
  potential.
• Energy propagates at the group velocity

8
Renewable Comparison

• Wind
• Power density is approx. 300 W/m2
• The theoretical maximum wind power capture is
  59.
• Typically 40 to 45.
• Rural resource. Far from population.
• 4-9 cents per kWh

9
Renewable Comparison

• Solar (PV)
• Power density is approx. 150 W/m2
• Generally around 15 efficient.
• Urban or rural.
• 20-30 cents per kWh and falling fast.

10
Renewable Comparison

• Wave
• Power density is approx. 30,000 W/m
• The theoretical maximum wave power capture is
  100, although it is highly device dependent.
• For a point absorber (single buoy), the maximum
  power capture is 50.
• Typical is yet to be determined.
• Coastal. Close to populations.
• 20-30 cents per kWh

11
Wave Energy Conversion
12
Power From Ocean Waves

• Wave energy is strongest on the west coast and
  increases toward the poles.
• At approx. 30 kW/mcl in the Northwest (yearly
  avg.), a single meter (3.3 feet) of wave has the
  raw energy to power about 23 homes.

George Hagerman
13
Power From Ocean Waves
kW/m crest length
14
Power From Ocean Waves - Oregon
(wave data From National Data Buoy Center, Power
estimated from 5 buoys off the Oregon coast over
past 10 years)

• Seasonal variation is a good match for the NW
  load demand.

15
Proximity to Load

• Oregon 2004 Est. Avg Consumption Generation
• West of Cascades 3,511MW (69) 2,509MW (28)
  (1002MW deficit)
• East of Cascades 1,606MW (31) 6,515MW (72)
• Total 5,117MW 9,024MW
• Most of the generation is in unpopulated areas.
• Considering an overall average of 30kW/m and an
  Oregon coastline of 460km, the total Oregon coast
  Wave Energy potential is in the range of 13,800MW
• Up to about 2000MW could be provided with no
  additional transmission requirements
• Oregon goal for 25 renewables by 2025 (this
  goal could be 50 satisfied by wave energy based
  on current consumption)

16
EPRI Study - Seven Oregon Sites
Astoria
Garibaldi

• Corvallis - OSU

Newport
Cushman
Reedsport
Coos Bay
Brookings
17
FERC Preliminary Permit Filings
Columbia Power Technologies
18
OSU Facilities to Advance Wave Energy
Wallace Energy Systems and Renewables Facility
(WESRF)
O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Lab (HWRL)
19
OSU - Key Location for Wave Energy Research

• 750 KVA Adjustable Power Supply
• Variable Voltage input(0-600Vac), 600A
• 3-phase adjustable (while loaded) for balanced
  and unbalanced testing
• Highest Power University Lab in the Nation
• Enables Multi-Scale energy research
• Four Quadrant Dynamometer
• Programmable torque/speed
• Dynamic Vector Controls 0-4000 rpm
• Bidirectional Grid Interface
• Regeneration back to the utility grid
• Flexible, 300 hp, Motor/Generator test-bed
• 120KVA programmable source
• Transient VLrms680V
• Steady State VLrms 530V
• Frequency range 45Hz to 2KHz
• 10 kW Linear Test Bed
• 2 m/s, 10 kN
• 1 ms/, 20 kN

Wallace Energy Systems and Renewables Facility
(WESRF)
20
OSU - Key Location for Wave Energy Research

• O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Lab (HWRL)
• Dimensions 342ft long,12ft wide, 15ft deep
• Wave period range 0.5 to 10 seconds
• Max. Wave 1.6 m (5.2 ft) _at_ 3.5 sec

21
Wave Energy Extraction Technologies
Oscillating Water Column

• Point
• Absorber

Overtopping
Attenuator
22
Oscillating Water Column
Wavegen Limpet 500kW
Oceanlinx
23
Wave Attenuator

• The Pelamis by Pelamis Power (Scotland)
• 150 meters long, 3.5 meters wide
• 4 segments
• 750 kVA (approx. 500 homes)

24
Overtopping
Danish Wave Dragon 4MW
25
Conceptual Wave Park
26
OSUs Devices and Goals

• Devices must be survivable, reliable, and
  maintainable with efficient and high quality
  power take-off systems.
• Direct Drive
• Direct drive describes the direct coupling of
  the buoys velocity and force to the generator
  without the use of intermediate hydraulic fluid
  or air.
• Removal of intermediate stages increases
  efficiency and decreases maintenance.

27
2007 - 1 kW SeaBeav I

• 11 foot spar
• 4 foot diameter float
• Designed for 135 feet of water

28
1 kW SeaBeav I
OSU and Finavera testing
29
OSU Test Berth Site agreed upon with FINE
Finavera Buoy Watch Circle
TriAxys Buoy Watch Circle
OSU Buoy Watch Circle
0
3000
6000
30
2007 - 1 kW SeaBeav I
31
1 kW SeaBeav I
32
1 kW SeaBeav I
33
1 kW SeaBeav I
34
2007 - 1 kW SeaBeav I
35
2007 - 1 kW SeaBeav I
36
1 kW SeaBeav I
37
1 kW SeaBeav I
38
2007 - 1 kW SeaBeav I
39
1 kW SeaBeav I
40
1 kW SeaBeav I
41
1 kW SeaBeav I
42
Finavera - AquaBuoy
43
2008 10 kW L10

• 25 feet tall
• 11 feet wide
• 10 kW peak

44
2008 10 kW L10
45
2008 - 10 kW L10
46
2008 - 10 kW L10
47
2008 - 10 kW L10
48
2008 - 10 kW L10
49
2008 - 10 kW L10
50
2008 - 10 kW L10
51
2008 - 10 kW L10
52
Linear Test Bed
Funding from PGE, PacificCORP/PacificPower, BP
A, Central Lincoln PUD, CPT
53
Linear Test Bed
54
Linear Test Bed
55
Pulse Power
56
Looking Forward - Grid Connection

• High capacity infrastructure already exists.

57
Wave Energy and Local Community

• Attractive wave energy sites (150 to 200 feet
  deep and sandy floor) are also good fishing and
  crabbing areas.
• A wave energy park is generally not fishable and
  can entangle fishing equipment.
• (OSU has set aside 10k for crabbing equipment
  reimbursement.)
• In Oregon, the coastal ocean yields about 20k
  per square nautical mile per year.
• FINE - Fisherman Involved in Natural Energy
• OSU and Newport community collaboration
• Group of representatives from Newport Bay fishing
  fleet
• Report to and advise the Lincoln county board
• Monthly meetings with OSU representatives
• Input to OSU research siting and development
• Technical advising and assistance
• The relationship between FERC and MMS, and the
  permitting process is in development.

58
Linear Test Bed

• Mimics the wave action to test wave energy
  devices
• A carriage actuated by a belt and pulley system
  moves the float relative to the spar.
• 10kW with a 50 efficient device, and up to 19kW
  _at_ 95 efficiency
• 1m/sec _at_ 20,000 N Thrust (4500 lbf)
• 2m/sec _at_ 10,000 N Thrust (2250 lbf)
• Modes Velocity, Point-Point, Force Control
  (through feedback from load cells/force meters)
• 2m relative motion/stroke (6.5 feet)
• Upper Lower Gimbal mounting (for alignment
  variation)
• 14ft tall x 10.5ft wide x 8.5ft deep

59
Looking Forward - Advanced Modeling Techniques
Fluid to Moving Structure Interaction(coupled
fluid-structure interaction)
Buoys heaving in waves, using Finite Volume
Computational Fluid Dynamics Solver
(COMET) (Finite Element/Volume Mesh Analysis)
60
Wave Energy Exhibit at the HMSC
61
Wave Energy Demonstration Center
62
Wave Energy Park Environmental Issues

• Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
• Sea bird attraction?
• Marine Mammal attraction, repulsion?
• Changes in whale migration pathways?
• Change in larval dispersion?
• Change in fish use of area, change in fish
  migration, change in fish reproductive success?
• Shark attraction?

63
Wave Energy Park Environmental Issues

• Effects from construction/deployment/service of
  cables
• The most destructive aspect of laying natural gas
  lines is during the deployment of lines the
  seafloor with its inhabitants are altered as the
  line is laid with large machinery. Similar
  effects could be expected with lying of electric
  cables if similar methods are used.
• Impact on invertebrates or seafloor structure
  from placement of anchors and power lines?
• Creation of a sediment plume and resulting
  impacts on fish/invertebrates?

64
Wave Energy Park Environmental Issues

• Effects of the physical structure of the buoy
  field.
• Entanglement of marine mammals whales, dolphins?
  
• Effects of using antifouling agents introduction
  of toxics?
• Creation of a new community
• Does the new structure act as a filter for larval
  dispersal so that recruitment in surrounding
  areas is decreased?
• Will the structure create a new habitat that will
  facilitate recruit and production of marine
  organisms?
• HMSC held a workshop on wave energy environmental
  impacts in October, 2007. The summary is
  available through HMSC.

65
Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
(NNMREC)

• 13.5M, 5 year award from DOE
• Thrusts
• Floating test berth
• Modeling
• Environmental impact studies
• Community outreach and other initiatives
• OSU, UW, OWET, NREL, OSG, FINE, EPRI
• OSU Pis Bob Paasch, Annette von Jouanne, Ted
  Brekken, George Boehlert, Solomon Yim, Alex
  Yokochi, Merrick Haller, Tuba Ozkan-Haller
• Program Manager Meleah Ashford

66
Oregons Competitive Advantage

• Unique ocean resource
• Established marine community
• Excellent reputation for renewable energy and
  green industry support
• Positive political climate (both state federal)
• Oregon is poised to lead the nation and the
  world in wave energy development. We have the
  wave resource, the expertise through
  collaboration including tremendous industry,
  utility and community support, and the utility
  infrastructure along the coast to deliver this
  clean, renewable power into the grid.
• -- Dr. Annette von Jouanne
• For more info on wave energy DVD Wave Power
  The Potential of Oregons Ocean Energy from
  Oregon Sea Grant
• http//www.eecs.oregonstate.edu/wesrf

67
Conceptual Wave Park
Thank you!