Bruce

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Face effects
Negation
Inversion
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Face effects
Negation
Inversion
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Inversion selectively affects configurational
information
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Inversion selectively affects configurational
information
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But what does configuration mean?

• Maurer et al (2002) define it multiply
• 1st order relationships
• The fact that the parts are in the right
  categorical relationships
• 2nd order relationships
• Distances between the parts (metric or coordinate
  relationships)
• Holistic processing
• Faces are seen as wholes (making parts hard to
  differentiate)

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But - Enter Isabel

• Gauthier and colleagues have argued that faces
  seem special because they are a rare instance of
  a subordinate level classification at which we
  are expert
• They have gathered evidence to support this
• Bird and dog experts show activity in the FFA
  when classifying birds and dogs (or faces!)
• When people are trained with novel objects which
  require subordinate level classification
  (Greebles), activity in FFA increases as they
  become more expert.

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Meet the greebles

• As well as showing the appropriate neural
  changes, greeble experts (and only experts) show
  traditional face effects
• Inversion
• Recognise parts more easily if they are part of
  the right greeble
• Have trouble recognising the top half if it is
  paired with the wrong bottom half

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But babies recognise faces!

• It is well known that newborns preferentially
  look at faces - suggesting an innate face area.
• But they are probably only sensitive to 1st order
  relationships (they have prosopagnosia!)
• There is good evidence that sensitivity to second
  order relationships develops quite slowly (is
  incomplete at 7 or 8 - Mondloch et al., 2002)
• and young children in fact show inverse
  inversion effects (Brace et al., 2001)

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Probing configuration Cooper Wojan (2000)

• Asked subjects to match names to faces
• Found one-eye-shifted matches faster than
  two-eye-shifted matches

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Task
Keane Burke Hayward
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Task
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Task
Respond Same or Different
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Categorical Changes

• 16 pixels moved
• Half up, half down half right, half left

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Coordinate Changes

• 16 pixels moved
• Half up, half down

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Identity Changes

• Original feature manipulated

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Results

• UPRIGHT FACES categoricalcoordinategtidentity
• INVERTED FACES categoricalgtcoordinategtidentity
• Coordinate information is as important as
  categorical information for upright faces
• Upside down faces are processed in the same way
  as novel objects.

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