Sustainable Financing Mechanisms in Mitigating Human Wildlife Conflict: Possible Solutions towards S

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Sustainable Financing Mechanisms in Mitigating
Human Wildlife Conflict Possible Solutions
towards Sustainable Livelihood

• By
• Sukor Kasim
• Seminar Series
• Thursday 21st Dec 2006
• 09.30, RACR, KANITA, USM

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On the Source of Conflict

• The underlying cause of human-wildlife conflict
  at least in Jeli can be attributed to human
  encroachment into wildlife territorial domain.
• Jeli District as Kelantans Hinterland
• Together with Gua Musang was the wildlife domain
  up till the nineteenth century

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On the Human Encroachment into Wildlife Domains

• Economic-driven
• Political
• Infrastructural Developments

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On economic-driven encroachment

• By Private Individuals Land Hunger as land
  pioneers venture into buka tanah
• Cari harta
• State Land Alienation and Development Strategy

• e. Federal Land Development Schemes
• f. Relieving the dense
• population density
• of coastal Kelantan
• g. Upgrading of the sub-district into a
  full-fledged district

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On Political-driven encroachment

• Building of social Infrastructures Schools,
  clinics, colleges and other government
  institutions
• Creation of new town centres, growth Centres etc
• Logging rights
• Prospecting rights
• etc

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InfrastructuralIntrusion

• Intra-state Infrastructural Development between
  districts, mukims and villages
• Inter-State Linkage East-West Highway from two
  of the oldest tropical region of Northern
  Malaysia linking Grik from Perak to Jeli in
  Kelantan

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Consequence of InfrastructuralIntrusion

• Bring in human settlements
• Economic opportunities along the highway
• Damming of Banding and Pergau diversion of
  wildlife route
• Further Agricultural encroachment
• With intensification of encroachment into
  wildlife domain

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The Challenge to Mutual Co-existence

• Mitigating human-wildlife conflict with the
  overriding goal of mutual co-existence is a tough
  challenge to meet.
• a. The conventional way of consciousness-raising
  may not be enough in promoting mitigation.
• b. A new hypothesis that should promote mutual
  co-existence should be tested

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The New Hypothesis towards Mutual Co-existence

• For the Humans Sustainable Livelihood Approach
• b. For Wildlife Respecting their Territorial
  Domains

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Sustaining co-existence within their respective
environment as alternative strategy For Wildlife

• Creating a buffer zone between human and wildlife
  preventing further human encroachment.
• Prevent wildlife encroachment into the existing
  human settlement and economic domains.
• Withdraw income generating and economic domains
  into the village area by promoting alternative
  sustainable sources of income.

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For the Humans Sustainable Livelihood Approach

• Create an environment that would deter wildlife
  penetration into the economic domains or the
  human settlements
• Undertake to promote and preserve household
  productive assets and increase the value of
  productive assets

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The greatest challenge in sustainable livelihood
avenues is financing

• The cost in implementing the applied research
  program
• The Revolving Funds required to promote
  sustainable livelihood for the humans on the one
  hand and for Wildlife on the other

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Rationale behind Applied Research?

• Prof Yunus reasoned that if financial resources
  can
• be made available to the landless people, at
  terms
• and conditions which are appropriate and
• reasonable,these millions of small people with
  their
• millions of small pursuits can add up to create
  the
• biggest development wonder...

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Objective. To reverse the age-old vicious cycle
of low income into an expanding System

Low Income
More Investment
Credit
Low Investment
Low Savings
More Income
More Savings
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Objectives of the Action Research project of Prof
Yunus
1.To extend banking facilities to poor men
and women 2. To eliminate the exploitation of the
poor by the Moneylenders 3. To create
opportunities for Self-employment for the
countrys vast un-utilized and under-utilized manp
ower resources 4. To bring the disadvantaged
people within the folds of some organizational
format which they can understand and operate and
from which they can find socio-political and
economic strength through mutual support
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The Applied Research Cost

• Memorandum of Undertaking between KANITA and WWF
  to cover 10 villages in 2 mukims in Jeli
• In negotiation with Jabatan Pembangunan Wanita,
  KKWKM for the coverage of the remainding areas
  of the Jajahan Jeli
• Any other party along the way

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For the Revolving Funds

• 1. Current or Existing Sources
• Micro-credit Schemes TEKUN AIM
• 3F Fund for Food of BPM
• SME Bank other DFIs
• Commercial Banks
• Grants from institutional sources

• 2. New Windows
• a. Welfare fund
• b. Zakat and Baitulmal Sources
• c. Private grants
• d. Work with commercial banks
• e. International sources

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Mitigation Strategies Withdraw to Strengthen
household economic base

• Withdraw income generating and economic domains
  from the furthest hinterland into the village
  area by promoting alternative sustainable better
  sources of income and improvement in productive
  assets and values around the village
• Leave the hinterland as wildlife domain work
  out some kind of compensational benefits

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Strengthening the existing domain as the final
frontier

• Prevent wildlife encroachment into the existing
  human settlement and economic domains by
  collective undertakings
• Learning from international experiences in
  similar approach
• Lobby for political will in respecting domains

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Strategies Towards Sustainable Livelihood Approach

• From the socio-economic studies of the
• 10 villages in Phase 1
• Undertake Household Profiling
• Matching the household profiles with
  institutional support both govt and non-govt
• Linkage to existing institutional support

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Undertake Household Profiling

• By visiting all 4 villages in Mukim Lubuk Bongor
  with the objective of getting a complete profile
  of those households
• Undertake a socio-economic and gender
  sensitization data to determine area of thrust
• Review the socio-economic program for the mukim

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Matching the household profiles with
institutional support from relevant govt
institutions

• Once generated, the household profile should
  provide us the relevant socio-economic avenues
  open to thoese households.
• Relevant institutions such as RISDA, Welfare
  Dept, FELCRA, Agr. Dept,
• Perhilitan, Pej Zakat, Baitulmal etc

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Matching the household profiles with
institutional support from relevant non-govt
institutions

• Among the most prominent Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia
• TEKUN
• Youth Organisations

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Linkage to existing institutional support

• Due to political and social constraints
  especially the rivalry between competing
  political forces especially in Kelantan in
  general and Jeli in particular, we have to play
  the role of match-maker by linking our
  household profiles to the relevant institutions

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The need to focus on the residue .those
households untouched by existing govt non-govt
institutions

• It is common that there is not enough
  peruntukan to meet the demand and needs of
  Mukim Lubuk Bongor thus the selection process
• But it is the residue that have to be taken care
  off
• Theses are the unreachable poor deserted by AIM,
• The under-served welfare recipients

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The need to empower helpless households into
mainstream economic activities linking welfare
safety-nets to micro-finance

• Even CGAP focus notes 34 noted the need for such
  intervention
• The fear of getting into indebtedness
• That there is fortune at the bottom of the
  pyramid eradicating poverty through profits
  Prahalad, C.K.

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Strategies Towards Sustainable Livelihood Approach

• d. Fulfilling Basic Human Needs first food,
  shelter, education and health support with
  priority to the most vulnerable and gender
  sensitive linkage to safety net programs with
  Islamic Product of Sedeqah

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Strategies Towards Sustainable Livelihood Approach

• e. For those with sustainable income-generating
  survival skills, provision of the critical
  missing link i.e. working capital microfinance
  but more pro-poorest and caring..islamic
  benevolent loan or alqardhulhassan will be
  offered

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Islamic Benevolent Loan Scheme

• Alqardhulhassan offer 18 ganjaran pahala compared
  to 10 for charity
• Thus islamic benevolent loan has higher rewards
  both in this life and thereafter
• It should be offered to those who need to
  scale-up their existing IGSS but without the
  relevant supporting requirements in securing
  access to loans

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Strategies Towards Sustainable Livelihood Approach

• f. For those without appropriate sustainable
  IGSS, and those who fear being indebted, the
  islamic product of profit-sharing or musyarakah
  will be offered with major portion of the profits
  going to the participating households

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Islamic Profit-sharing scheme or Musyarakah Loan
Scheme

• Also for those who do not have the relevant
  supporting documents and too frightened to be
  indebted, musyarakah or profit-sharing scheme
  offers a way out.
• We will have to find suitable schemes in ensuring
  sustainability

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The Promise of Musyarakah Loan Scheme in
entrepreneurial transformation of the poorest
households

• Thru musyarakah, we have to provide our
  partners with the necessary input to
  successfully undertake an economic activity.
• Easier ones like animal husbandry like breeding
  of domesticated animals especially cow,
  buffaloes, goats and sheep, poultry
• Leasing of agricultural land

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Strategies Towards Mitigation

• While sustainable livelihood strategies
• are being implemented
• a. Undertake preventive and deterrent
• strategies to reduce conflict flare-up.
• b. Prevent wildlife encroachment into the
• existing human settlement and economic
• domains by collective undertakings

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Institutionalisation of the program The
challenges

• a. Working towards community-based
• Institutional set-up in collaboration with
• parties with stake WWF, PERHILITAN,
• RELA, KANITA, JPW etc.
• b. Setting-up monitoring and evaluation
• mechanism towards sustainability,
• c. Undertake follow-up activities, documentation
  etc

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Time Frame

• We will begin with the socio-economic study of
  the 4 villages in January 07
• By April, household profiling will be undertaken
• By May, linkage with govt and non-govt
  institutions
• By June, tackling the residues
• By August, testing of alqardhulhassan and
  musyarakah.

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Thank you for your time.