Conflicts between Recreational Use and Nature Conservation in National Parks and Biosphere Reserves

1
Conflicts between Recreational Use and Nature
Conservation in National Parks and Biosphere
Reserves examples from Germany and Austria

• Dr. habil. Karen Ziener
• Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt
• 28.11./29.11.2012

2
Content

1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms
2. Study areas in Germany and Austria (resp.
   Hungary)
3. Modelling of the field of conflict recreational
   use nature conservationin a region
4. Basic points of a conflict strategy for national
   parks and biosphere reserves
5. Application of the findings in other projects

Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
3

1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

recreational potential recreational suitabilitiy
tourism companies
touristic facilities
tourism associations
recreational and tourism planning
landscape oriented tourism
Modern nature protection
leisure activities
leisure sports association
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
4

1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

conflicts between recreational use and nature
conservation
social-science conflict research

• a lot of studies about
• impact of tourism / recreation / leisure
  activities on nature and landscape
• discussion about contrast and compatibility of
  nature conservation and utilisation of nature
• but not analysed were
• contentions
• types of conflict / systematisation
• relations between conflicts

conflicts in national parks and biosphere reserves
Ziener, 2003, p. 8 ff.
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
5

1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

conflicts between recreational use and nature
conservation
social-science conflict research

• broad research about
• emergence, dynamic, management, effects of
  conflicts
• but in other fields of research
• family
• company / organisation

conflicts in national parks and biosphere reserves
Ziener, 2003, p. 8 ff.
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
6

1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

conflicts between recreational use and nature
conservation
social-science conflict research
conflicts in national parks and biosphere
reserves

• studies about
• functional analysis of land use conflicts
• acceptance research instead of conflict research
• no/scarce information about the
• specific conflicts in (NP) and (BR)
• importance of conflicts for their development

Ziener, 2003, p. 8 ff.
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

National Parks (4) and Biosphere Reserves (6) in
the Czech Republic
Národní park
Biosférická rezervace
Ceské Švýcarsko Krkonoše National Šumava
Podyjí (cross-border cooperation with
neighbouring national parks)
Krivoklátsko (1977) Trebonsko (1977) Pálava
(1986) ? Dolní Morava (2003, extended) Šumava
(1990) Krkonoše/Karkonosze (1992,
transboundary) Bílé Karpaty (1996)
Source NP Ceské Švýcarsko, UNESCO, Ministry of
the Environment, Ministerstvo zahranicních vecí
CR, CHKO Pálava, CHKO Trebonsko Photo NP Ceské
Švýcarsko, CHKO Trebonsko
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
9

1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

Approaches Connection between landscape oriented
/ spatial planning perspectives and
activity-oriented as well as conflict oriented
perspectives ? creation of a complex scientific
view on these conflicts Application / Adaption
of social science conflict research in the field
of conflict recreational use nature
conservation? What is a conflict? Structuring
of this very complex field of conflict the
totality of all these conflicts and the
connections among them, in a region (systemic
view). Analysis of conflict experiences in
different study areas (national park and
biosphere reserve regions) general tendencies
and regional specific Combination of different
perspective and variety of methods
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

Aims Modelling of the field of conflict
recreational use nature conservation in
national parks and biosphere reserves which
can reduce the complexity and integrate
different conflict perspectives Basic points of a
regional conflict strategy for protected area
management which integrates potential conflicts
and their effects into planning and management
and enables flexible actions in conflict
situations
? What is a conflict?
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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1. Theoretical Basics approaches, aims, terms

contrast / area of tension between nature
conservation and utilisation which based on the
impact of tourism and recreational use on nature
and landscape conflicts are analysed as
overlapping of ecological and land use
attributes of landscape ? contrast
(problem) solution as mainly task of nature
conservation and spatial planning
two elements are contrary or incompatible
contentions between at least two persons
respectively parties conflict consists of
subjects, the conflict parties, and at least one
object, the conflict object ?
opposite between persons no one-sided solution,
but through the actions of conflict parties
two elements are contrary or incompatible
contentions between at least two persons
respectively parties conflict consists of
subjects, the conflict parties, and at least one
object, the conflict object ?
opposite between persons no one-sided solution,
but through the actions of conflict parties
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
12
2. Study areas in Germany and Austria (resp.
Hungary)

• different landscapes from the Baltic Sea in the
  north to the Pannonian Bassin
• Tourism regions and destinations of outing

• legal, planning, political factores of the
  different provinces and states
• old and new federal states in Germany
• national parks and biosphere reserves

• different biosphere reserve concepts

own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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2. Study areas in Germany and Austria (resp.
Hungary)
Austria
SourceNationale Naturlandschaften
SourceNationalparks Austria
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3. Modelling of the field of conflict
recreational use nature conservation
ZIENER 2003, p. 46, modified
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.1 Spatial conflict potential
(landscape and utilisation attributes)

• A landscape is evaluated as being both worth
  protecting and attractive for recreation and
  leisure-time activities.

general view

• An unfavourable relationship exists between the
  sensitivity of a landscape and the intensity of
  its use for recreation and leisure-time
  activities.

ecological view

• Demands on using the area by those seeking
  recreation and leisure activity, are opposed to
  restrictions resulting from nature protection.

users view
ZIENER 2003, p. 66-68
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.1 Spatial conflict potential
worthiness of protection gt lt attractivity for
recreation
ZIENER 2003, annex, p. 158, 160
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.1 Spatial conflict potential
worthiness of protection gt lt attractivity for
recreation
ZIENER 2003,annex p. 162
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.1 Spatial conflict potential
sensitivity (Phytotope)gt lt intensity of use
(number of visitors)
ZIENER 2003, annex p. 181
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.2 Conflict process and resolution
Personal and situational conflict potential
related with
information
communication
participation
cooperation
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.2 Conflict process and resolution
Source BERKEL 1997, S. 40, modified
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.2 Conflict process and resolution
Conflict management stiles
Accommodating /harmonising
Collaborating / common solution of problems
Oriented on aims and interests
of opposite side
Compromising / negotiating
Withdrawing / avoiding
Competing / overpowering
Oriented on own aims and interests
Source own
compilation using BERKEL 1987, BERKEL 1997,
University of Maryland
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.3 Conflict types
Creation of the types
Description of the types
Attributes of the types
Conflict types
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.3 Conflict types
ZIENER 2003, p. 85
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.3 Conflict types
Conflict participants leisure-time sport clubs
and societies, homeland and hiking associations,
tourism providers, societies and organisations,
communities, national park or biosphere
reserve management, environmental protection
clubs and associations, ecologists

• Conflict subject / Points of contention /
  Spatial
  relationship
• The demands placed on the landscape and spatial
  use when performing certain leisure-time
  activities collide with goals for conservation
  and restrictions in sensitive areas, worth
  protecting,
• ? conflicts, because restrictions on
  use or control measures were, or should be,
  threatened, implemented or increased,
• usually small-scale, sensitive areas such as the
  banks of lakes and rivers, the upper reaches of
  flowing waters, steep and flat coasts, moors and
  silt areas, dry-grass areas, close-to-nature
  woods, subalpine meadows.

Outward form / Time / Conflict result In
principle, permanent and not capable of being
conclusively solved, fluctuation between latent
and active conflicts, in recent times numerous
examples of agreements and negotiations between
management of protected areas, environmental
protection bodies and users concerning routing,
control measures, etc.,

compromises, temporary or permanent
regulations, e.g., closing off of paths and water
areas, relocation of paths and ski-trails, total
or limited bans on admission, measures to control
visitors and traffic guidance systems.
Long-term conflict effects e.g. cooperation with
leisure-time sport organisations in the field of
visitor management and environmental education,
increase in the acceptance of national park or
biosphere reserve
ZIENER 2003, p. 87
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.3 Conflict types
Key factors of conflict resolution
organisations, groups, individuals
conflict party like other
relations between conflict parties, coalitions,
former conflicts
acting / reacting party
partly responsibilities of state or federal
state authority
experiences of conflict
moderator / mediator
procedures of resolutions
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
26
3.3 Conflict types
Conflict avoidance potential of conflict types

• to find conflict potential in landscape
• communication
• sport clubs as partner
• common concept
• win-win situation

• early information, complete information
• openness for other stakeholders
• readiness to compromise
• win-win situation

• regular information
• personal contacts
• cooperation
• participation
• common strategies

own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.4 Conflict connections
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.4 Conflict connections
Conflict hierarchy of existing conflicts in the
National Park Hochharz
ZIENER 2003, p. 91
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.4 Conflict connections
BR Rhön Learning processes of conflict solution
and prevention based on conflict analysis
Successful conflict solutions (1993-1998)
Modellprojekt Skilanglauf optimizing of
cross-country ski trail network Luftsportgutachten
analysis of conflicts between aviation and
nature conservation.recommendations for
environmentally compatible flying
Perception of conflict potentials
Mountainbiking Naturschutz Mountainbiking
Wandern
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.4 Conflict connections
BR Rhön Conflict prevention common development
of a network of mountain bike trails
Bayer. Verwaltungsstelle des BR Rhön
initiator
FAIRständnis-Regeln(rules, self-commitment)
Rhönklub (hiking)
Waldbesitzer (forest owners)
Höhere Naturschutzbehörde Würzburg (RBez)(nature
conservation authority )
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.4 Conflict connections
BR Rhön Conflict prevention common development
of a network of mountain bike trails
Bayer. Verwaltungsstelle des BR Rhön
Verein Naturpark und BR Bayer. Rhön
mountain bike offer as segment of sustainable
tourism
win-win situation
Mountainbiker
Wanderer
model character
Rhönklub (Wandern)
ADFC Kreisverbände
Bayer. Radsportverband
Waldbesitzer
Jagdverbände
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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3.5 Model region of sustainable development and
conflicts
islands in th baltic sea / former administrative
district (Photo K Ziener)
transboundery mountain area in Hesse, Bavaria,
Thuringia (Photo K. Ziener)
at the beginning of the 1990s district of Rügen
and Rhön Region started to focus on sustainable
development
? Model Region for Sustainable Regional
Development
enormous conflicts at last the term Model
region was rejected
low and more simple conflict situation, but
greater impact outside
Why ?
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
33
3.5 Model region of sustainable development and
conflicts
enormous conflicts at last the term Model
region was rejected
low and more simple conflict situation, but
greater impact outside
Why ?
Basic Conditions

• extremely high spatial conflict potential between
  tourism and nature protection
• 2 national parks,
  1 biosphere reserve,nature park in
  development, dynamic tourism development,
  big pressure on land use,
  big investors,
• transformation situation in the new German
  federal states (economic crisis, high
  unemployment rate, high population loss due to
  migration)

• reunification of Rhön / transboundary BR Rhön
  ? new Rhön identity,
• on the whole, less spatial conflict potential
  between tourism and nature protection (Rhön
  region is five times as large as Rügen district
  with only three-quarters of the overnight stays),
  
• in Hesse and Bavaria, in spite of structural
  weaknesses, established business structures and
  more economic protagonists (compared with the new
  German federal states)

own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
34
3.5 Model region of sustainable development and
conflicts
enormous conflicts at last the term Model
region was rejected
low and more simple conflict situation, but
greater impact outside
Why ?
Basic Conditions
Protagonists
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
35
3.5 Model region of sustainable development and
conflicts
enormous conflicts at last the term Model
region was rejected
low and more simple conflict situation, but
greater impact outside
Why ?
Basic Conditions
Protagonists
Explanation

• long process of convergence supported by the
  Regional Development Concept Rügen and
  moderation by a new regional planner

• way with ups and downs, increasing acceptance of
  the biosphere reserve and its management

own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
36
4. Basic points of a conflict strategy for
national parks and biosphere reserves
regional view

1. Identify spatial conflict potentials as early as
   possible in order to avoid and delimet conflicts
   (conflict prevention)

2. Consider the rules of conflict management
and avoiding (win-win strategy, individual
solutions, cooperation, personal contacts)
3. Develop suitable conflict management
strategies and tools for the different conflict
situationes (conflict types)
4. Consider conflicts not isolated but in
the context of former and simultaneous conflicts
(conflct hierarchy, conflict experience)
5. Active development and implementation of
regional concepts (sustainable regional
development, tourism marketing, traffic concepts)
own compilation
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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5. Application of the findings in other projects

IESP Towards Integrated Ecological Spatial
Planning for the Wienerwald Biosphere Reserve
Sustainable Wildlife Management and Leisure
Activities
2008-2012
F. Reimoser, W. Lexer, Ch. Brandenburg, K.
Ziener, B. Schreiber, A. Bartel, H. Tomek, F.
Heckl, F. Hirnschall, A. Kasper
Final Report 2012(pp. 479)
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
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Klagenfurt, Austria
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BR Wienerwald IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects

Indicator leisure activities
recreational use in total
activity with dog
Ballooning
Picnic
red deer
wild boar
Indicator species
black stork
capercaillies
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 220
Intensive conflict potential and conflict
analysis based on expert interviews in 4 selected
areas
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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BR Wienerwald IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects

Overlapping of the habitats of indicator species
and the areas of indicator leisure activities
sensitivity gt lt intensity of use
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 221
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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BR Wienerwald IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects

Modeling of the probability of indicator leisure
activities for the whole biosphere reserve
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 252, 265
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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BR Wienerwald IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects

Gathering and modeling of the habitats of
indicator species for the whole biosphere reserve
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 271, 277
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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BR Wienerwald IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects

Overlapping in order to estimate the spatial
conflict potential
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 281, 287
Only tendencies of expected conflict area
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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BR Wienerwald IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects

REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 331
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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BR Wienerwald IESP
5. Application of the findings in other projects

Two conflict types as basis for differentiated
options for the conflict management
REIMOSER et al. 2012, S. 333
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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Literature and Sources CR - Správa Národního
parku Ceské Švýcarsko Mapa NP Ceské Švýcarsko
150.000 http//www.npcs.cz/sites/default/files/u
ser_files/FTP_NO/Mapy/110301_Vitejte_v_NP_CZ.pdf,
,23.11.2012 UNESCO Europe North America (284
biosphere reserves in 34 countries) Last update
September 2012 http//www.unesco.org/new/en/natur
al-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosph
ere-reserves/europe-north-america/,
23.11.2012. Ministry of the Environment (MoE) of
the Czech Republic National Parks
http//www.mzp.cz/en/national_parks,
23.11.2012. Správa CHKO Pálava a Krajské
stredisko Brno http//www.palava.ochranaprirody.c
z/, 23.11.2012. Ministerstvo zahranicních vecí
CR - Biosférické rezervace UNESCO
http//www.mzv.cz/jnp/cz/zahranicni_vztahy/multila
teralni_spoluprace/unesco/cr_v_unesco/biosfericke_
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Sozialpsychologie des Konflikts in
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(Hrsg.) Angewandte Sozialpsychologie Konzepte,
Ergebnisse, Perspektiven, München-Weinheim,
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Konflikttraining. Konflikte verstehen,
analysieren, bewältigen, 5. neubearbeitete und
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Führungspsychologie, Band 15). University of
Maryland Solutions in your community Conflict
Management Styles http//www.agrisk.umn.edu/conf
erence/uploads/cterhune0790_02.pdf, 24.11.2012.
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Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria
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Literature and Sources Nationale
Naturlandschaften Map of Germany
http//www.nationale-naturlandschaften.com/map-of-
germany, 25.11.2012. Nationalparks Austria
Naitonalparks 360 Die Nationalparks
http//www.nationalparksaustria.at/nationalparks-3
60-grad/die-nationalparks/, 26.11.2012. Peter
Wilhelm Morgan (2012) A Project Allocation
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aching/public/projects/archive/l31112/pdf/PMorgan_
A_Project_Allocation_System_Stage_3_FINAL.pdf,
25.11.2012. Biosphärenpark Wienerwald Zonierung
im Biosphärenpark Wienerwald Download A3
http//www.bpww.at/fileadmin/Redakteure/A3-CD-1203
26.pdf, 26.11.2012. REIMOSER, Friedrich. LEXER,
Wolfgang, BRANDENBURG, Christiane, ZIENER, Karen,
SCHREIBER, Bernd, BARTEL, Andreas, TOMMEK,
Hemma, HECKEL, Felix, HIRNSCHALL, Florin und
Andreas KASPER (2012) Grundlagen für eine
integrierte ökologisch-räumliche Planung im
Biosphärenpark Wienerwald. Nachhaltiges
Wildtiermanagement und Freizeitaktivitäten,
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 477
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26.11.2012.
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
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Klagenfurt, Austria
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Thank you for your attention
Conflicts Recreation Nature Conservation
Brno and Olomouc, 28.11/.29.112012 Karen Ziener,
Klagenfurt, Austria