CGE Greenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training Workshop AGRICULTURE SECTOR

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CGEGreenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training
Workshop AGRICULTURE SECTOR
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AGRICULTURE SECTOR

• GLOSSARY

AD Activity Data AI (Party) Annex I
(Party) AWMWS Animal Waste Management
System CRF Common Reporting Format CS Country
Specific EF Emission Factor EFDB Emission
Factor DataBase GE Gross Energy GHG
GreenHouse Gas(es) IE Included
Elsewhere IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change MCF Methane Conversion
Factor NAI (Party) non-Annex I (Party) NE
Not Estimated NO Not Occurring QA/QC
Quality Assurance and Quality Control VS
Volatile Solids
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CONTENT

• PART 1. GUIDELINES OVERVIEW
• PART 2. INVENTORY ELABORATION SIMULATION

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PART 1GUIDELINES OVERVIEWCONTENT

• Principles and definitions
• Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National
  Greenhouse Gas Inventories
• Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty
  Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
  (2000)
• Emission factor database (EFDB)
• IPCC software

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Principles and Definitions

• Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

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PRINCIPLES

• National GHG Inventories should be precise and
  reliable
• For this purpose, national GHG inventories should
  meet the need for
• Transparency
• Accuracy
• Completeness
• Consistency
• Comparability

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PRINCIPLES

• Transparency assumptions and methodologies,
  clearly explained to facilitate replication and
  assessment by users of the reported information
• Consistency inventory internally consistent in
  all its elements with inventories of other years
  (same methodologies for the base year and all
  subsequent years consistent data sets to
  estimate emissions/removals from sources/sinks)

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PRINCIPLES

• Comparability emissions/removals estimates
  reported by AI Parties, comparable among them
  (methodologies and formats agreed by the
  Conference of the Parties (COP) allocation of
  source/sink categories, following the Revised
  1996 IPCC Guidelines)
• Completeness all sources/sinks and all gases
  included in the IPCC Guidelines, other existing
  relevant source/sink categories specific to an AI
  Party and full geographic coverage of
  sources/sinks of an AI Party

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PRINCIPLES

• Accuracy relative measure of the exactness of
  emission/removal estimate. Estimates are
  systematically neither over nor under true
  emissions/removals, as far as can be judged, and
  uncertainties reduced as far as practicable.
  Appropriate methodologies used, in accordance
  with the IPCC Good Practice Guidance

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SOURCE CATEGORIES

• Only Source Categories
• Related to animal production
• Enteric Fermentation (4A) CH4 emissions from
  ruminants and non-ruminants
• Manure Management (4B1) CH4 emissions from
  manure managed under anaerobic conditions
• Manure Management (4B2) N2O emissions from
  manure when treated under different treatment
  systems
• Related to cropping systems Rice cultivation
  (4C) CH4 emissions from the surface of soils
  kept under anaerobic conditions to cultivate rice
• Related to croplands Agricultural Soils (4D)
  N2O emissions from the surface of cropped soils
  due to anthropogenic N inputs direct (primary)
  and indirect (secondary) emissions are considered
• Use of fire
• Prescribed burning of savannas (4E) non-CO2 gas
  emissions due to savanna biomass burning
• Crop residue burning (4F) non-CO2gas emissions
  due to dead biomassburning

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SUMMARY TABLE METHODS

• Enteric fermentation T1 T2
• Manure management CH4 T1 T2
• Manure management N2O T1
• Rice cultivation T1
• Agricultural soils T1a T1b
• Savanna burning T1
• Crop residue burning T1

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SUMMARY TABLE GASES
SECTOR/Source category CO2 CH4 N2O CO NOX COVNM SO2
ENTERIC FERMENTATION X
MANURE MANAGEMENT X X
AGRICULTURAL SOILS X 1 X
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE BURNING X 2 X X X X X X 3
PRESCRIBED BURNING OF SAVANNAS X 2 X X X X X X 3
RICE CULTIVATION X
1 No method available 2 Reported but not
accounted 3 Not considered though present
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BASE DOCUMENTS

• Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National
  Greenhouse Gas Inventoriesltwww.ipcc-nggip.iges.or
  .jp/public/gl/invs1.htmgt
• (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty
  Management in National Greenhouse Gas
  Inventoriesltwww.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/s
  panish/gpgaum_es.htmgt
• Database on GHG Emission Factors (web
  application through ltwww.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFD
  B/main.phpgt)
• GHG Inventory Software for the
  Workbookltwww.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/soft
  ware.htmgt

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories

• Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• NAI Parties should use Revised 1996 IPCC
  Guidelines for estimating and reporting their GHG
  inventories
• ltwww.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htmgt
• Structure
• Volume 1 GHG Inventory Reporting Instructions
• Volume 2 GHG Inventory Workbook
• Volume 3 GHG Inventory Reference Manual
• Complementary Resources
• IPCC Software
• EFDB
• Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines were complemented
  with the 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• General Notes on Guidelines (Agriculture)
• Scope anthropogenic emissions from agricultural
  sources, within national territories
• Data Quality and Time Frame data of relatively
  poor quality compared to other sectors thus,
  annual figures of 3-year averages are preferred
• Default Method IPCC-GL provides default
  methodologies, assumptions and data, but national
  assumptions and data are always preferred.
• Uncertainties reported as point estimates rather
  than as ranges of values

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Basic Principles Underlying the Guidelines (1)
• Documentation Standards Besides reporting
  tables, report all worksheets used (with
  assumptions, AD, EF), and any country specific
  methods used, definitions, etc.
• Important for transparency and completeness

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Basic Principles Underlying the Guidelines (2)
• Verification and Uncertainty Assessment
  Reporting instructions recommend inventory
  verification by a set of simple checks (to be
  performed by the Party) and to conduct an
  uncertainty assessment
• Important for completeness and accuracy

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Methodologies and Reporting (1)
• Methods based on various tiers
• Tier 1 is the default method
• For some sink/source categories, IPCC-GL provides
  higher tier methods
• National methodologies, if consistent with IPCC,
  are recommended over the default method
• Activity Data and Emission Factors most methods
  are based on multiplication of AD by one or more
  EFs.
• Tier 1 methods include default EF and even
  default AD
• NAI Parties, encouraged to use agroecological
  unit/ national/regional EFs

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Methodologies and Reporting (2)
• Worksheets provided in Vol. 2. With aid of IPCC
  software, data from worksheets is automatically
  converted into sectoral and summary tables.
• Notation Key NAI countries are encouraged to use
  a notation key (i.e. NO, NE, NA, IE, C).
• Overview Table (8A) should be used to summarize
  assessment of completeness (e.g. partial, full
  estimate, not estimated) and quality (high, med.,
  low)
• Data Completeness in all tables, footnotes
  should be added to indicate the completeness of
  the estimates.

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Methodologies and Reporting (3)
• Uncertainties possible causes and how to manage
  them are explained in Vol. 1, Annex 1.
• Documentation Reports should include
• Information to enable reconstruction of inventory
• All worksheets used in preparing the inventory
• Explanation and documentation of any national
  methods/data used instead of IPCC default
• A written summary of verification procedures
  used, and an assessment of quality/completeness
  of estimates.

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (1)
• Enteric Fermentation (4A) CH4 emissions by
  ruminants and non-ruminants
• Information organized by animal species
• Tier 1 method based on multiplication of number
  of animals in each category by an EF
• Tier 2 method (cattle only) uses enhanced
  characterization of livestock, which results in
  estimation of annual feed intake (parameter used
  to estimate specific EFs)

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (2)
• Manure Management (4B) CH4 (4Ba) and N2O (4Bb)
  emissions from decomposition of manure during
  storage
• Information organized by animal groups and manure
  management systems (MMS)
• Tier 1 method requires livestock population data
  by climate region and animal waste management
  system and uses default EFs.
• Tier 2 method estimates EF from manure
  characteristics (VS, Bo, MCF) (for CH4 emissions
  from cattle, swine and sheep)

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (3)
• Rice Cultivation (4C) CH4 emissions from
  anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in
  flooded fields. Any N2O emissions reported under
  4D.
• Only one method provided
• AD harvested area by rice ecosystem and water
  management type, use of organic amendments
• Basic EF estimated for permanent flooding and no
  organic amendments
• Scaling of basic EF to account for crop
  practices, multiple cropping, ecosystem type,
  water regime, addition of organic amendments,
  soil type

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (4)
• Agricultural Soils (4D) covers N2O emissions
  only (no methods are provided for CH4 emissions
  and removals, or for N2O removals). Tier 1 method
  for both direct/indirect emissions
• Direct N2O emissions requires AD (use of
  fertilizers and manure, amount of N fixed by
  crops, amount of crop residues returned to soil,
  N-fixing crops, area of cultivated histosols) and
  2 EFs (one for N inputs into soil and one for
  cultivation of organic soils)
• Indirect N2O emissions 3 sources (a)
  volatilization and deposition of N in
  fertilizers/manure (b) leaching and run-off of
  applied fertilizers/manure (c) discharge of
  human sewage into rivers or estuaries

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (4)
• Prescribed burning of savannas (4E) Covers N2O,
  CH4, CO and NOx emissions from the burning of
  savannas
• Tier 1 methods, based on estimation of AD and EF
  for every gas, are provided

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REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES

• Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (4)
• Field burning of agricultural residues (4F)
  covers N2O and CH4 emissions for on-site burning
  of crop residues
• Tier 1 method similar to prescribed burning of
  savannas is provided
• Other uses of crop residues (burning off-site,
  application to soils or as animal forage) are
  excluded
• Submodules
• Cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, maize)
• Pulse (peas, lentils, beans, fabas)
• Tuber and Root (potatoes, beets)
• Sugar Cane
• Others (fruit trees, forest trees)

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Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management
in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000)

• Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

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GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT

• Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management
  in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
• (referred to here as GPG2000)
• Chapter 1, Introduction
• Chapter 2, Energy
• Chapter 3, Industrial Processes
• Chapter 4, Agriculture
• Chapter 5, Waste
• Chapter 6, Uncertainty
• Chapter 7, Methodology
• Chapter 8, QA/QC
• Plus annexes and other general information

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GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT

• GHG2000 complements the Revised 1996 IPCC
  Guidelines
• GHG2000 includes cross-cutting issues to ensure
  the fulfilment of the quality requisites
• Quality requisites are compulsory forAI Parties
  and recommendable for NAI Parties

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GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT

• Improvement due to GPG2000 mainly related to
• For completeness consideration of all
  sources/sinks, gases, years, geographical
  coverage
• For accuracy
• methodological focusing (method, emission
  factors, activity data) through source-specific
  decision trees
• uncertainty measurements at source level
• QA/QC procedures, which may be general or located
  at sectoral level
• For consistency time-series development
• For transparency reporting and documentation

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GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT

• Document mainly relates to methodological
  guidance for an accurate Agriculture inventory
  elaboration
• Text and presentation focused on the
  application of the decision trees at source level
• To ensure the incidence of all the cross-cutting
  issues (dealing with completeness, transparency,
  uncertainty, QA/QC, time series), the inventory
  team must apply the next checklist at the source
  level
• is the source well covered (sub-sources, gases,
  years, space)?
• are the emission/capture estimates transparent?
• is uncertainty measured/estimated?
• are QA/QC procedures defined?

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GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT

• Main methodological issues (linked to the
  decision trees)
• Tier (method, procedure of calculation)
• Emission factors
• Activity data
• Regularly collected statistics (AD1)
• Parameters (partitioning coefficients),
  measurable but usually not collected (AD2)

Estimates EF AD1 AD2
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GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT

• It is good practice to
• use country-specific tiers along with
  country-specific emission factors, to better
  reflect national conditions
• have emission factor per each environmental unit
  of the Party
• use systematically and regularly published
  activity data (AD1) and experimentally measured
  parameters (AD2)

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GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT

• EMISSION FACTORS
• Development highly costly and not easy
• Very few NAI Parties investing in developing some
  emission factors
• Majority of NAI Parties to use default emission
  factors
• Preference should be given to regionally obtained
  emission factors

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GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT

• ACTIVITY DATA
• Main barrier for many NAI Parties lack of proper
  activity data (updated, detailed, checked,
  published)
• Key time for NAI Parties to improve collection
  systems provided they are important for national
  planning
• Option for collectable data (AD1) database of
  international organizations (FAO, IRRI)
• Option for non-collectable data (AD2) IPCC
  defaults, values from other countries of the
  region, national experts opinion

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PREVIOUS STEPSKEY SOURCE DEFINITION (1)

• First step in producing national GHG inventory
  Key source definition (level, trend) produced at
  national level
• For key sources, it is good practice to estimate
  emissions/captures applying CS or tier 2 methods
  and CS emission factors
• It allows better focusing of the financial and
  human resources invested in the inventory

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PREVIOUS STEPSKEY SOURCE DEFINITION (2)

• NAI Parties are encouraged to fulfil this
  condition only if they have the AD needed for the
  use of a detailed methodological approach or can
  collect them without jeopardizing the financial
  resources for the whole inventory process
• If not, the level of detail must be reduced until
  a balance with the available AD is reached

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PREVIOUS STEPSKEY SOURCE DEFINITION (3)

• From 2001 and 2002 AI Parties submissions,
  Agriculture key sources were
• Enteric fermentation (CH4) 100
• Agricultural soils (direct N2O) 94
• Agricultural soils (indirect N2O) 60
• Manure management (CH4) 40
• Manure management (N2O) 38
• Rice cultivation, Crop residues
• and Savanna Burning 10 - 0

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PREVIOUS STEPSKEY SOURCE DEFINITION (4)

• If no previous information, NAI Party inventory
  team should assume that
• CH4 emissions from Enteric Fermentation and
  direct N2O emissions from Agricultural Soils are
  most likely to be key sources, and
• indirect N2O emissions from Agricultural Soils
  will likely be a key source, devoting the best
  efforts to them
• However, some source categories may be relevant
  for some groups of NAI Parties
• savanna burning for tropical countries with dry
  season
• crop residues burning for countries with
  Mediterranean climate
• rice production for Asian countries
• Inventory team should know the characteristics of
  the Agriculture Sector to better target the
  always scarce financial resources
• Opinion of national experts highly desirable and
  appreciated

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PREVIOUS STEPSMass balances for shared items (1)

• Some source categories are linked
• Enteric Fermentation, Manure Management and
  Agricultural Soils (for animal population and
  manure final uses)
• Agricultural Soils and Burning of Agricultural
  Residues (crop residue final uses)
• Some activity data are shared (single livestock
  characterization, as the best way to ensure
  consistency)
• Some activity data must be properly disaggregated
  to avoid double counting of emissions (manure and
  crop residues produced)

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PREVIOUS STEPSMass balances for shared items (2)

• Consequently
• Mass balance for crop residues (fractioning
  according to different end uses)
• Mass balance for animal manure produced (direct
  grazing and confinement, confined manure
  disaggregated by AWMS)

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PREVIOUS STEPSEstimation of significance of
sub-sources (1)

• Consequently
• Quick assessment (under tier 1) of significance
  of
• animal species for CH4-Enteric Fermentation
• animal species for CH4-Manure Management
• anthropogenic N inputs for Agricultural Soils
• Single livestock characterization, applying the
  detail level (basic, enhanced) suggested by the
  species significance for the source categories

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CROP RESIDUES MASS BALANCE
Crop residues
Left on the field (on-site)
Removed from the field (off-site)
Eaten by grazing animals
Used as fuel
Used as energy source (biogas)
Applied to soils
Raw material for building materials
Burned on-site
Feed suplemental for animals
Used as house firewood
Decomposed on the field
Other uses
Accounted under 4D. Agricultural Soils
Accounted under 1. Energy
Accounted under 4F. Burning of crop residues
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ANIMAL MANURE MASS BALANCE
Livestock
Under confinement
Open field
Derived to AWMMs
Used as animal feed suplement
Manure for other uses (building materials)
Manure used as energy source
From grazing animals
Manure applied to soils
Accounted under 4B. Manure Management
Accounted under 4.D. Agricultural Soils
Accounted under 1. Energy
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SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION

• Livestock data, needed for several source
  categories
• CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation
• CH4/N2O emissions from manure management, and
• N2O emissions from agricultural soils
• Parties with important livestock activity should
  produce a single characterization
  (enhanced/basic) of the animal species
• It is also good practice to
• include all the animal species existing in the
  Party
• assess the contribution of each animal species to
  the total emission of the individual source
  category (enteric fermentation and/or manure
  management)

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DECISION TREES Livestock characterization
Goats, horses, mules/asses, poultry, (sheep)
Cattle, buffalo, swine, (sheep), species
without tier/EF
Recommended for species with enhanced
charactererisation, when key source
Required for species with high individual contribu
tion, when key source
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SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION

• For animal species with a significant
  contribution to the source emissions (25 or
  more), it is good practice to apply
• enhanced (detailed) characterization
  country-specific method/tier 2 nationally
  disaggregated emission factors
• provided there is no restriction of activity data
• The non-significant animal species
• basic (not detailed) characterization tier 1
  default emission factors
• Recommendation always enhanced characterization
  for cattle and swine buffalo and sheep may be
  included here depending on national circumstances

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SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION

• Basic Characterization
• list of livestock species and categories
• annual population data, by species and category
• average annual milk production of dairy cows
• percentage of animals per climate region existing
  in the Party

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SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION

• Enhanced Characterization in addition,
• disaggregation of species population into
  homogeneous groups of animals (country-specific
  variations in age structure and animal
  performance)
• livestock population by species, category and
  subcategory
• feed intake estimates for a typical animal in
  each subcategory (used in the tier 2 enteric
  fermentation emissions for cattle, buffalo, and
  sheep)
• estimates should be used to harmonize the
  estimated manure and N excretion rates for CH4
  and N2O emissions from manure management and
  direct/indirect N2O agricultural soil emissions

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SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION

• Enhanced Characterization
• Animal performance, used to estimate gross energy
  (GE) intake amount of energy (MJ/day) an animal
  needs to perform activities such as growth,
  lactation and pregnancy
• It is good practice to estimate GE intake based
  on animal performance data
• If no activity data available, a survey should be
  conducted to determine regional livestock
  production patterns and regional animal
  distributions
• If not enough resources, assumptions may be based
  upon the opinions of experts

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SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION

• Characterization of animal species without
  emission estimation method
• Some countries may have domesticated animals for
  which IPCC has not reported methods (llamas,
  alpacas, wapiti, emus, ostriches, deer, others)
• The IPCC good practice guidance recommends that
  emission estimates should be based on
  country-specific emission factors when they are
  likely to be significant emission sources

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ENTERIC FERMENTATION

• CH4 emissions
• The decision tree for estimating CH4 emissions
  from enteric fermentation (Figure 4.2 in IPCC
  Good Practice Guidance) defines the route the
  individual Party should follow to produce
  accurate emission estimates

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DECISION TREE CH4 emissions from Enteric
Fermentation
Event impossible
Accuracy of estimates Box 2 gt Box 1
Buffalo, Sheep, Goats, Horses, Mules/Asses, Poultr
y
For significant species when not enough AD
Cattle, species with significant
individual contribution to a key source
Species with no significant contribution to a key
source
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ENTERIC FERMENTATION

• if there is no domestic animal production, not
  occurring (NO)
• if enteric fermentation occurs but not key
  source, the recommended approach for all the
  species is
• basic characterization tier 1 default EF
• however, it is recommended to use enhanced
  characterization and tier 2 for cattle, provided
  the Party has the necessary data
• if enteric fermentation occurs and key source,
  the recommended approach for the significant
  animal species (cattle and others) is
• enhanced characterization tier 2 CS EF
• if enteric fermentation occurs and key source,
  the non-significant animal species can receive
  the basic approach
• basic characterization tier 1 default EF

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ENTERIC FERMENTATION

• Two methods for estimating emissions from enteric
  fermentation
• Tier 1, simplified approach, relies on default
  EFs drawn from previous studies
• Tier 2, complex approach, requires detailed CS
  data on nutrient requirements, feed intake and
  CH4 conversion rates for specific feed types, to
  develop CS EFs for country-defined livestock
  categories
• CS EFs, derived from enhanced characterization.
  The IPCC good practice guidance provides
  information to develop EF for cattle and sheep
  (for buffalo, approach described for cattle can
  be applied)

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MANURE MANAGEMENT

• CH4 emissions
• single livestock characterization provides the
  data to support the estimates
• default or CS EFs (based on manure
  characteristics, Bo, VS, MCF, and manure
  management systems), depends on the species
  significance
• decision tree defines the route the Party should
  follow to produce accurate estimates (Figure 4.3
  in the IPCC good practice guidance)

58
Event impossible
DECISION TREE CH4 emission from Manure Management
Accuracy of estimates Box 3 gt Box 4 gt Box
2 gt Box 1
If key source and high individual contribution
Cattle, buffalo, swine, (sheep), species
without tier/EF
Goats, horses, mules/asses, poultry, sheep
59
MANURE MANAGEMENT

• From the decision tree
• if no domestic animal production, then not
  occurring (NO)
• if the source occurs but not key source, emission
  estimates from all the species may be computed
  from the next approach
• basic characterization tier 1 default EF
• if the source occurs and key source
• for the significant species (normally cattle,
  sheep, swine)
• enhanced characterization tier 2 CS EFs
• for the non-significant species (normally, goats,
  camels, horses, asses, mules, poultry)
• basic characterization tier 1 default EF

60
MANURE MANAGEMENT

• Tier 1 method requires livestock population data
  by animal species, category, and climate region
  (i.e. cool, temperate, warm)
• Tier 2 method requires detailed information on
  animal characteristics and the manner the manure
  is managed activity data are
• volatile solid (VS) excretion rates
  Country-specific VS values are based on estimated
  daily average feed intake, digestible energy of
  the feed, and ash content of the manure
• maximum CH4 producing capacity of the manure
  (Bo), and
• CH4 conversion factor (MCF)
• Level depending on data availability and natural
  circumstances. Parties should make their best for
  tier 2

61
SOME TIPS

• For CH4 Enteric Fermentation
• Enhanced characterization and tier 2 for cattle
  (non-dairy and/or cattle)
• Single characterization and tier 1 for the rest
  of the animal species
• For CH4 Manure Management
• Enhanced characterization and tier 2 for swine
  and cattle (non-dairy and/or cattle)
  exceptionally, sheep and poultry
• Single characterization and tier 1 for the rest
  of the animal species

62
MANURE MANAGEMENT

• Main features from the decision tree
• if no domestic animal production, then not
  occurring
• if the source occurs buy not key source, emission
  estimates for all species may come from
• basic characterization default emission factors
• if the source occurs and key source
• for those significant species (normally cattle,
  sheep, swine)
• enhanced characterization CS emission factors
• for the non-significant species (normally goats,
  horses, camels, mules, asses, poultry)
• basic characterization default emission factors

63
SOME TIPS summary table
ANIMAL SPECIES CHARACTERIZATION LEVEL ENTERIC FERMENTATION MANURE MANAGEMENT
ANIMAL SPECIES methane methane
DAIRY CATTLE SINGLE (ENHANCED) T1 (T2) T1 (T2)
NON-dairy CATTLE ENHANCED T2 T2
SHEEPS BASIC (ENHANCED) T1 T1 (T2)
GOATS BASIC T1 T1
HORSES BASIC T1 T1
MULES ASSES BASIC T1 T1
SWINE ENHANCED T1 T2
POULTRY BASIC T1 T1 (T2)
OTHERS BASIC T1 T1
64
MANURE MANAGEMENT

• N2O emissions
• To estimate emissions, the livestock data must
  come from the single livestock characterization,
  to determine
• annual average nitrogen excretion rate per head
  (Nex) for each animal species/category (T)
• fraction of the total annual excretion for each
  livestock species/category that is managed with
  each manure management system type (MS)
• N2O emission factors for each manure management
  system type

65
Event impossible
DECISION TREE N2O emission from Manure Management
Accuracy of estimates Box 3 gt Box 4 gt Box
2 gt Box 1
If KS
66
MANURE MANAGEMENT

• Activity data required in addition to those
  necessary for the livestock characterization
  are
• annual average N excretion per head/category/speci
  es
• fraction of total annual excretion for each
  livestock species/category that is managed in a
  manure management system
• If no available data on the distribution of
  manure management systems, the Party should
  conduct a survey
• If not possible, values can be derived from
  expert opinions
• Parties are also encouraged to disaggregate the
  activity data for each major climatic zone

67
PRESCRIBED BURNING of SAVANNAS

• Prescribed Burning of Savannas
• IPCC describes one method to estimate non-CO2 gas
  emissions from savanna burning. Default activity
  data and emission factors are available in the
  Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
• Among AI Parties, key source only for Australia,
  but very likely to be key source for many NAI
  Parties

68
Event impossible
DECISION TREE GHG emission from Savannas
Prescribed Burning
If KS
Accuracy of estimates Box 4 gt Box 3 gt Box
2 gt Box 1
If not KS
69
PRESCRIBED BURNING OF SAVANNAS

• Main features of the decision tree (Figure 4.5 in
  the IPCC good practice guidance) are
• if savannas do not exist, then not occurring
• if savanna burning occurs, but not key source,
  emissions can be estimated using default factor
  values
• if savanna burning occurs and key source,
  emissions must be estimated using CS activity
  data and emission factors, provided the activity
  data are available and/or can be collected

70
PRESCRIBED BURNING of SAVANNAS

• IPCC method requires
• value for the living fraction of aboveground
  biomass
• value for dead fraction of aboveground biomass
• value for the oxidized fraction after burning
• carbon fraction of living and dead biomass
• nitrogen/carbon ratio in the biomass
• combustion efficiency (molar ratio of emitted CO2
  concentrations to the sum of emitted CO and CO2
  concentrations from savanna fires)
• Non-collectable activity data (parameters) field
  measurements, expert judgment, default values
• IPCC good practice guidance refers to the IPCC
  Guidelines for this source category
• Additional information, provided in Appendix 4A.1
  of the IPCC good practice guidance (describes
  some details of a possible future revision of the
  methodology)

71
FIELD BURNING OF CROP RESIDUES

• One method available to estimate non-CO2 gas
  emissions from agricultural residue burning
• When available, preference should be given to CS
  activity data and emission factors
• Default activity data and emission factors,
  available in the IPCC Guidelines and FAO database
• Primary uncertainty in estimating emissions of
  CH4 and N2O from agricultural residue burning is
  the fraction of residue burned in the field
• Avoid double counting of residue burned off-field
  as energy source or other uses
• IPCC good practice guidance refers to the IPCC
  Guidelines for this source category additional
  information, in GPG-Appendix 4A.2, for future
  revision of the methodology

72
Event impossible
DECISION TREE GHG emission from Crop Residue
Burning
If KS
Accuracy of estimates Box 4 gt Box 3 gt Box
2 gt Box 1
If not KS
If not CS-AD
If not CS-EF
If not CS-EF
73
FIELD BURNING OF CROP RESIDUES

• Main features derived from the decision tree
• If not allowed, then not ocurrying
• If allowed but not key source, estimates may
  arise from box 1 (default values)
• use of CS-EFs (box 2) desirable
• If allowed and key source, then estimates may
  arise from box 4 (CS-EFs CS activity data)
• use of box 3 (CS EFs default activity data) is
  accepted

74
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• N inputs (origin of direct N2O emissions)
• application of synthetic fertilizers (FSN)
• application of animal manure (FAM)
• cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops (FBN)
• incorporation of crop residues into soils (FCR)
• soil N mineralization due to cultivation of
  organic soils (FOS)
• other sources, such as sewage sludge
• The inventory team must avoid double counting of
  emissions from synthetic fertilizer, animal
  manure, and other sources

75
Event impossible
DECISION TREE Direct N2O emission from
Agricultural Soils
If not KS
Accuracy of estimates FAMSS NFCCR Box 5 Box
3 gt gt Box 4 Box 2 gt gt Box 1
If KS
76
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• Main features from the decision -tree (Figure 4.7
  in the IPCC GPG)
• If no N applied to soils, then not occurring
• If N applied but not key source, emission
  estimates may arise from T1a and default data
  (AD, EFs) for each N input (box 1)
• If N applied and key source, then CS activity
  data must be provided for the significant N
  inputs
• For FSN, FAM, others emission estimates should
  come from T1a/b and CS data (AD, EFs) (box 5)
• acceptable to use default parameters and/or
  Efs(box 4)
• For FCR, FBN, FOS emission estimates should come
  from T1a/b and CS emission factors (box 3)
• acceptable to use default EFs (box 2)

77
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• Only one tier for this source
• Two variations 1a and 1b, depending on the
  expansion of the equations
• Use of tier 1a or tier 1b is not related to the
  importance of the source but to the availability
  of activity data
• Preference should be given to tier 1b equations,
  which expand the number of terms in the equations
• For Parties with no necessary data, the simpler
  tier 1a equations are acceptable
• Estimating emissions combining tier 1a and tier
  1b equations for different N inputs is also
  acceptable
• For some N inputs, no tier 1b equations available

78
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• Great volume of activity data. Highly unlikely
  that any Party would fulfill all the requirements
• Activity data (collectable, field measurement)
• nitrogen content of substrates (manure, crop
  residues, sewage sludges)
• synthetic fertilizers amount of nitrogen applied
  to soils
• animal manure
• total amount produced, disaggregated by
  confinement and direct grazing
• destination 1) treated in animal waste
  management system (emissions from manure
  management), 2) from grazing animals (emissions
  from animal production), 3) manure used as fuel,
  4) manure used as animal food, 5) manure applied
  to soils
• nitrogen fixing crops
• area of nitrogen fixing crops (pulses) and
  nitrogen fixing forage crops
• residue/crop ratios
• crop residues
• area of residue-producing crops,
• residue/crop ratios and residue percentage which
  is applied to soils
• histosols
• area of cultivated histosols
• sewage sludge
• amount of sewage sludge applied to soils
• nitrogen content in sewage sludge
• partition coefficients FRACGASF, FRACGASM,
  FRACPRP, FRACSEWSLUDGE, FRACFUEL-AM, FRACFEED-AM,
  FRACCONST-AM, FRACNCRBF, FRACDM, FRACNCRO,
  FRACBURN, FRACFUEL-CR

79
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• Indirect N2O emissions
• atmospheric deposition on soils of NOX and NH4
  associated with N from the different inputs
  (method available for synthetic fertilizers and
  animal manure)
• leaching and run-off of the N applied to soils
  (method available for synthetic fertilizers and
  animal manure)
• disposal of sewage N (method available for
  discharge of sewage N into rivers or estuaries)
• formation of N2O in the atmosphere from NH3
  emissions originating from anthropogenic
  activities (no method available)
• disposal of effluents from food processing and
  other operations (no method available)

80
DECISION TREE Indirect N2O emission from
Agricultural Soils
Event impossible
If KS
Accuracy of estimates Box 4 gt Box 3 gt Box
2 gt Box 1
If not KS
81
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• Main features derived from the decision tree
  (Figure 4.8 in the IPCC good practice guidance)
• If no N application, then not occurring
• If yes but not key source, emission estimates can
  derive from the use of default ADs and EFs (box
  1)
• Recommended to apply CS AD and EFs (box 2)
• If yes and key source, emission estimates must
  derive from the use of CS AD, EFs and
  partitioning parameters (box 4)
• Accepted to use default emission factors (box 3)

82
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• Activity data (collectable, field measurement)
• Nitrogen content in manures and sewage
• synthetic fertilizers amount of nitrogen applied
  as fertilizers
• animal manure
• total amount of animal manure produced
• amount of animal manure for other uses 1)
  treated in animal waste management systems,
  accounted under manure management 2) manure from
  grazing animals, accounted for under animal
  production 3) manure used as fuel and 4) manure
  used as animal food
• for sewage sludge amount applied to soils
• partition coefficients FRACGASF, FRACGASM, and
  FRACLEACH

83
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• N2O emissions from animal production (pasture,
  range, and paddock)
• Three potential sources of N2O emissions relating
  to animal production
• animals themselves (not accounted, assumed
  negligible)
• animal wastes during storage and treatment
  (accounted for under manure management)
• dung and urine deposited by free-range grazing
  animals (accounted for here)

84
AGRICULTURAL SOILS

• Activity data can be taken from agricultural
  soils and manure management
• the data required to estimate N2O emissions from
  each relevant animal waste management system used
  by the Party
• fraction of animal populations managed as direct
  grazing, per animal species, and
• nitrogen excretion rates per animal species
• Methodology for N2O emissions from animal
  production is addressed in the IPCC good practice
  guidance under Manure Management
• It is also important that activity data come from
  a single livestock characterization

85
RICE PRODUCTION

• IPCC provides one method for estimating CH4
  emissions from rice production
• Method uses annual harvested areas and area-based
  seasonally integrated emission factors. In its
  simplest form, the IPCC method can be implemented
  using national activity data (i.e. national total
  area harvested) and a single emission factor
• Method can be modified to account for the
  variability in growing conditions by
  disaggregating national total harvested area into
  sub-units (e.g. harvested areas under different
  water management regimes), provided specific
  emission factors are available
• Decision tree defines the route Parties should
  follow to produce accurate estimates (Figure 4.9
  in the IPCC good practice guidance)

86
decision tree CH4 emissions from Rice Cultivation
Event impossible
If KS
If not KS
Accuracy of estimates Box 3 gt Box 2 gt Box 1
87
RICE PRODUCTION

• Main features derived from the decision tree
• if no rice cultivation, then not occurring
• if yes but not key source, emissions can be
  estimated using default emission factors (box 1)
• recommended to use scaling factors for other
  factors including organic amendments
• if yes and key source, emissions should be
  estimated based on data from each cropping
  region, CS emission factors, and scaling factors
  for water management, organic amendments and soil
  type (box 3)
• accepted not to use scaling factors(box 2)

88
RICE PRODUCTION

• Activity data on rice production and harvested
  area should be available in most Parties
  national statistics
• Alternate options
• FAO website http//www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc
• IRRI's World Rice Statistics (e.g. IRRI, 1995)
• As cultivation area statistics may be biased,
  Parties are encouraged to verify their harvested
  area statistics with remote sensing data
• Parties are encouraged to complete a survey of
  cropping practices to obtain data on the type and
  amount of organic amendments applied

89
IPCC Software

• Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

90
IPCC software

• Intended to help in preparing GHG inventories
• Based on Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
• Available at
• www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/software.htm
• Contains the same worksheets as in IPCC
  Guidelines Workbook (Microsoft Excel environment)
• Main advantage automation of calculations and
  preparation of reporting tables

91
IPCC software

• Structure Program is organized in several
  workbooks, corresponding to Overview and each
  of 6 sectoral modules
• Overview Workbook
• Contains 18 sheets corresponding to basic
  inventory data, sectoral reports, Summary Report
  and Overview Table
• Sheets can either be filled in manually (if
  country does not use IPCC methodology) or
  automatically updated with information introduced
  into sectoral worksheets
• Overview tables (Table 8A) must be filled in
  manually

92
IPCC software
Overview Workbook Sheet containing basic
inventory information
Sheets with Summary Tables
Sheets with sectoral report tables
93
IPCC software

• Agriculture Workbook
• To open workbook click on Sector on menu bar,
  then click on Agriculture
• Contains 22 sheets corresponding to the different
  worksheets included in IPCC Guidelines, Vol. 2
• While completing the sector worksheets, the
  sectoral and summary tables in Overview
  workbook will be filled in automatically.

94
IPCC software
Workbook Agriculture First sheet
95
Emission Factor Database (EFDB)

• Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

96
Emission factor database(EFDB)

• General issues
• Quality of national GHG inventories depends on
  reliable EFs and activity data
• Although EFs reflecting national circumstances
  are recommended, development is expensive,
  time-consuming and necessitates a wide degree of
  expertise
• Process exceeds the capacity of the majority of
  the NAI Parties
• Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and good practice
  guidance provide default EFs for almost all the
  sources/sinks some are region or country
  specific, but not all regions or countries are
  covered

97
Emission factor database (EFDB)

• General issues
• Sharing of research information would enable
  countries to use or develop EFs more applicable
  to specific circumstances than the IPCC defaults
  without bearing the associated research costs
• Many countries indicated that an easily
  accessible public database on GHG EFs with
  supporting scientific information would improve
  the quality of the inventories in a
  cost-effective way and support the future
  review/update of the IPCC Guidelines
• This project was initiated in 2000 and a
  prototype database was constructed in January
  2002
• Prototype subjected to pilot testing by a number
  of inventory experts from different countries and
  improvement

98
Emission factor database (EFDB)

• Objectives
• to be a recognized library of GHG emission
  factors and other parameters
• to contain background documentation or technical
  references of emission factors and other
  parameters
• to serve as a communication platform for
  distribution and commenting on new data from
  research and measurement

99
Emission factor database (EFDB)

• Researchers and the members of the scientific
  community may incorporate their own findings,
  such as emission factors and other parameters
• For that, contact the Task Force Bureau Technical
  Support Unit (TSU) at ipcc-efdb_at_iges.or.jp
• New data will be evaluated for acceptance by the
  EFDB Editorial Board
• In the end, the responsibility for using this
  information appropriately will always remain with
  the users themselves

100
Emission factor database (EFDB)

• Criteria for Inclusion of new data
• robustness value unlikely to change, within the
  accepted uncertainty, if original measurement
  programme or modelling activity is repeated
• applicability an EF can only be applicable if
  the source and its mix of technology, operating
  and environmental conditions and abatement and
  control technologies are clear and allow the user
  to see how it can be applied
• documentation access information to the original
  technical reference is provided to evaluate the
  robustness and applicability as described above

101
Emission factor database (EFDB)

• EFDB Editorial Board

Sergio González (Chile)
102
Emission factor database (EFDB)

• Data contained in the EFDB
• At present, EFDB contains only the IPCC default
  data and data from CORINAIR94
• For Agriculture, data come mainly from the IPCC
• Total of 1,387 inputs
• 1,303 inputs from IPCC
• 84 inputs from CORINAIR94
• 87.2 devoted to CH4 and N2O
• New data will be provided by the scientific and
  inventory community, and evaluated for acceptance
  by the EFDB Editorial Board

103
Emission factor database (EFDB)

• Data in the EFDB

104
Emission factor database (EFDB)

• Ways to access
• Web application
• http//www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php
• for all users to carry out on-line searches
• for data providers to submit new EFs or other
  parameters
• core of this system and new data will be made
  available here first
• CD-ROM
• for all users (in particular those who have
  difficulty with Internet connection) to carry out
  off-line searches

105
EFDB Local CD-ROM application
106
EFDB local CD-ROM application

• EFDB local CD-ROM application works with
  Microsoft Access MDB file, which contains the
  copy of the on-line web database
• The latest MDB file will be made available
• Through the Internet At the "Downloads" section
  of the web application
• In the form of CD-ROM Will be distributed
  annually or biannually, possibly on the occasion
  of sessions of SBSTA or COP

107
EFDB web application
108
EFDB web application
Search Function Find EF
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