Chemistry of the cell

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Chemistry of the cell

• Biology 11
• Mrs. M. Cobb

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Life is organic!

• Organic compounds are Carbon (C) based compounds.
• Living things (including cells) are composed of
  the following types of organic compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Carbohydrates

• Sugars and starches
• Used for energy (example glucose) and
  structural parts of cells (example cellulose)
• Contain the following elements C, H O
• Always have a 21 ratio of HO

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Monosaccharides

• Building blocks monosaccharides
• examples glucose, fructose, galactose
• Monosaccharides are also known as single sugars.
  
• Molecular formula C6H12O6

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Monosaccharides continued

• Structural formula for glucose

Note the ring thing
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Disaccharides

• Disaccharides are double sugars.
• Molecular formula C12H22O11
• Examples
• Maltose sucrose sucrose
• Lactose fructose galactose
• Sucrose glucose fructose
• Notice the ose trend???

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How do you build a disaccharide?

• Dehydration synthesis

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Dehydration synthesis

• Is the building of a larger, more complex
  compound by the removal of a water molecule from
  two smaller, less complex compounds. (an anabolic
  process)
• A B ? AB H2O

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Hydrolysis

• The reverse process of dehydration synthesis.
• The breaking down of a larger more complex
  compound into two smaller less complex compounds
  by the addition of a water molecule. (a catabolic
  process)
• AB H2O ? A B

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Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates
• Examples cellulose, starch, glycogen and chitin
  

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Lipids

• Fats, oils and waxes
• Contain elements C, H O
• Do not dissolve in water!

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Uses of Lipids

• Long term energy storage
• FYI - 1g of lipid contains 2.25X as much energy
  as 1g of carbohydrate!
• Cushioning of internal organs
• Hormones (estrogens, testosterone)
• Cell membrane (phospholipids)

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Lipids

• Building blocks glycerol fatty acids

Fatty acid
Glycerol
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ProteiNs

• Contain elements C, H, O N (nitrogen!)
• Examples feathers, wool, silk, hormones
  (example insulin), hemoglobin, enzymes,
  membrane proteins, pigments

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Amino acids

• Building blocks of proteins Amino Acids
• General formula

R variable, differs for each of the 20 AAs
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Language of proteins

• Dipeptides two amino acids bonded together
• Polypeptides long chains of amino acids bonded
  together
• Peptide bonds covalent bonds formed between
  amino acids (by dehydration synthesis!)

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Summary questions

• How would you be able to identify a carbohydrate,
  from a lipid, from a protein?
• Compare and contrast
• Carbohydrate lipid
• Lipid protein
• Carbohydrate protein