UNFPA Activities in Population and Development Strategies

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UNFPA Activities in Population and Development
Strategies

• Jean Louis RALLU
• Advisor in Population and Development Strategies
• UNFPA Pacific SRO
• Suva (Fiji) 13/08/2008

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UNFPA mandate, projects and activities
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UNFPA mandate in PD

• Develop/strengthen capacity in data
• - collection,
• - analysis,
• - dissemination and
• - use for planning and policy formulation

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UNFPA projects in PD 2008-2012 cycle

• STRENGTHENING NATIONAL CAPACITY TO PRODUCE,
  ANALYZE AND UTILIZE POPULATION AND RELATED DATA
  FOR POLICY AND PLANNING
• STRENGTHENING NATIONAL CAPACITY TO INCORPORATE
  POPULATION DYNAMICS AND TRENDS INTO NATIONAL
  DEVELOPMENT PLANS, POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

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UNFPA/UNDAF ultimate goals in PD/data

• Population dynamics and its inter-linkages with
  gender equality, sexual and reproductive health
  and HIV/AIDS incorporated into public policies,
  poverty reduction plans and expenditure
  frameworks
• Population, gender and sexual and reproductive
  health trends and issues are incorporated in
  regional and national policies, development
  frameworks and sector-wide approach programmes in
  line with the MDG and the ICPD Goals.

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UNFPA/UNDAF immediate goals in PD/data

• Strengthened capacity among policymakers and
  planners to analyze the trends and implications
  of key population, reproductive health and gender
  issues and to incorporate them in national
  policies, plans and strategies and in MDG
  Reports.
• Pacific Island countries develop and implement
  evidence-based, regional, pro-poor and national
  sustainable development strategies to address
  population, poverty, and economic exclusion
  issues, stimulate equitable growth, create
  economic opportunities and quality employment and
  sustainable livelihoods.

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UNFPA activities in PD

• - Planning and conduct of population and housing
  censuses
• - Demographic and health (DHS) or other
  socio-demographic surveys
• - The production of analytical reports
• - The policy analysis of census and survey data

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Work in partnership

• With regional universities (USP and rim
  universities) and organizations (CROP agencies).
• UNFPA will
• - Support for the analysis of existing census
  and survey data by post-graduate university
  students.
• - Commission analytical studies
• - Organize data utilization workshops/seminars
• Develop the application of GIS to policy analysis
• Provide technical assistance (through advisors,
  consultants)
• Provide training
• Produce guidance notes and other materials

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Population and Development conceptual framework
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Pre-ICPD
Family planning
Economic growth development
Fertility reduction
Slower population growth
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Post-ICPD/post-MDGs

• Development
• seen in terms of
• Poverty eradication
• Human development/rights
• Social equity
• Peoples involvement

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New theoretical approach

• No longer the which comes first debate
• Is poverty the cause or the result of rapid
  population growth?
• Now, the view is
• An evolving cycle of several mutually dependent
  factors
• Population growth, fertility, reproductive health
• Development, womens empowerment, human rights,
  equity and environment.
• Linkages operate in both directions

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based on new advances in knowledge

• Economic growth does not automatically result in
  poverty decline
• Equity and pro-poor policies are necessary
  for this to be realized.
• However,
• Declines in mortality and fertility are favorable
  to growth and poverty reduction (Eastwood and
  Lipton 2001, Barros 2001, Kelley and Schmidt
  2001) declines in each mortality and fertility
  contributed around 0.32 points of changes in per
  capita growth in 1960-1995 or 21 of 1.50 the
  average annual growth of per capita output.

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Contd

• Mason and Lee (2004) household data in Indonesia
  for 1996 used to analyze the demographic dividend
  show that 10 reduction in the children
  population is to reduce the level of poverty by
  11. A rather direct/linear effect.
• But some countries experienced economic growth
  and increasing poverty, because growth was not
  equitable or pro-poor policies were lacking.

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New theory?

• If there is no causality, there are obviously
  associations and we know their directions and how
  they operate, even if mechanisms are not totally
  clear.
• The impact of population factors is dependent on
  countrys level of development and accompanying
  policies

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Association or Causality?!Consider early
childbearing, RH and poverty
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Micro-level interlinkages

• ICPD Agenda marked a departure from numbers to
  rights, i.e with a focus on womans need to
  receive appropriate SRH care and to control the
  timing of her pregnancies.
• The focus of our mandate has therefore shifted
  from aggregate level links between population
  and poverty to the household/micro-level where
  decisions about fertility are really made.

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A few PD concepts
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Fiji at 2 different times
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The Demographic Bonus or Window of Opportunity
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The Demographic Bonus or Window of Opportunity

• Rapid fertility decline creates the demographic
  bonus.
• With slow decline, similar dependency is
  achieved, without the period of low dependency
  that is favorable to economic growth.
• Migration increases dependency.

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Macro economic effects of the Demographic bonus

• Rapid population growth results in high
  dependency ratios.
• At the macro level, this raises costs in
  education, health, infrastructures for
  water/sanitation improvement, mostly in case of
  rapid/uncontrolled urban growth.
• The State has to face increase in number of
  students, deliveries, patients at the same time
  as increase coverage and improve quality of
  services.

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Micro economic effects of the Demographic bonus

• At the micro level, families save less. Most
  often, they spend all income on basic needs,
  cannot educate their children as much as needed
  (which reproduces poverty in the next generation)
  and have little for other expenditures household
  durable goods/equipments and entertainment/culture
  .
• This has a negative effect on economic growth as
  industry and services cannot develop.

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Window of Opportunity

• This opportunity lasts about 20 years
• The bonus is not automatic
• - policies that support private investment,
• - attractiveness of country to private
  investment,
• - qualified labour force, productivity of labour,
• - healthy population,
• - security, political stability, good governance
• are necessary to avoid missing the opportunity.

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Micro level linkages between poverty and
reproductive health
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Figure 1 Fertility differences between the rich
and the poor (source FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING
POPULATION DYNAMICS IN POVERTY REDUCTION AND
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES. F. Farah, UNFPA)
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Figure 2 Womens Desired Fertility by Quintile
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Figure 4 Unmet Contraceptive Need by Quintile
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Figure 6 Births with skilled birth attendants
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The Population and Development Policy Process
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The Process
The Process

• Government awareness/willingness
• Data requirements (for situation analysis),
• Stakeholders consultations to discuss issues
• Policy development/write-up, setting goals
• Approval by parliament
• Implementation of activities

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Content of Situation Analysis
Content of Situation Analysis

• Population trends
• Trends in components of change fertility,
  mortality, migration,
• Population structure dependency, ageing,
• Population projections.
• Population distribution internal
  migration/urbanization,
• Health situation (reproductive health and
  morbidity patterns
• Education, labour force participation,
• Poverty situation
• Gender and human rights issues
• Environment situation (water, sanitation,
  water/air pollution)

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Consultative Process
Consultative Process

• Stakeholders consultations should include
• Government administrations line ministries,
• Civil society, influence groups
• Sub-national/provincial administrations
• NGOs
• International/regional institutions/partners
• Donors

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Consultative Process (2)
Consultative Process (2)

• Raise awareness, discuss the situation, define
  the problems.
• Define ways to respond to the problems.
• Evaluate agreement on the situation and
  responses.
• Set objectives/goals.

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Administrative/Institutional Process
Administrative/institutional Process

• Discuss/establish with government the various
  committees
• Responsible ministry Planning/Health
• National Population Board/Council
• Members of the Committees line ministries,
  regional administrations, civil society.
• Technical Advisory Committee
• Secretariat
• Extension of the institutional framework to
  provinces
• All working toward implementation, ME, periodic
  revisions

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Content of Policy document
Content of Policy Document

• Situation analysis
• Summary of stakeholders consultations
• Policy goals/targets narrative and framework,
  including strategies to achieve it.
• Role of committees (NPC, TAC, Secretariat)
• Implementation Plan (with suggested activities)
  with responsible administrations/partners/donors.
• Monitoring and Evaluation matrices, with
  monitoring indicators.
• Timetable of reviews.

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Life of the Policy
Life of the Policy

• Once it has been approved/adopted by parliament,
• Costing and budgeting documents of the policy
  should be developed.
• Implementation should start and activities be
  developed in the frame of the PP implementation
  plan and budget documents in a collaborative
  process between administrations, partners and
  donors.
• The population policy should compel the
  government to include the PP in budget documents
  and act to influence on population issues or it
  will remain a piece of paper that most
  administrative staff not only never read but
  never saw.

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Overall view
Overall view

• The Population Policy can be considered as a
  master plan where other plans (Health, Education,
  Human Resources Plans) can link.
• It has to put population into the spotlight
• The Population Policy should be a Population and
  Development Policy, with strong focus on human
  resources education/qualification and labour
  force.
• National Development Strategy (NSDS) often ignore
  population, while they should be based on/include
  population issues. If the government is not
  willing to have a PP, then population issues
  should be included in NSDS.

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Overall view (2)
In brief

• The situation analysis and summary of
  stakeholders consultancy represent a huge
  progress in understanding the situation of the
  country, objectively/statistically and from
  inside/civil society.
• They should guide the governments policy/action.
• Implementation of activities to support the
  policy should be developed rapidly, extensively
  and efficiently with support of partners and
  donors.