Workshop to discuss the feasibility of evolving a mechanism for sustained approach towards Continuous and Integrated Drought Management

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Workshop to discuss the feasibility of evolving a
mechanism for sustained approach towards
Continuous and Integrated Drought Management

• Organized by Department of Agriculture and
  Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi
• Dated 21st September 2007

V.S.Prakash Director Drought Monitoring Cell An
autonomous body affiliated to Dept., of ST,
Govt., of Karnataka
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Karnataka State stands second only to Rajasthan
in terms of total area under arid / semi-arid
conditions.
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No. of Drought Prone Taluks as identified by the
Irrigation Commission,1972, GoI 88 taluks
Drought is a creeping hazard
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Drought definition and declaration of drought
affected areas A Review
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Famine code 1950

• The Famine code 1950 contemplated that
• apart from the failure of rain the following
  symptoms demand attention as being warnings of
  possible distress
• Contraction of credits
• Restlessness indicated by an increase of crime
• Unusual movements of flocks and herds of cattle
  in search of pasturage
• Unusual migration of people
• Rapid rise in prices of common foodstuffs
• Great decrease in traveling by rail and
  attendance at festivals
• Abnormal unemployment
• Abnormal variations in the consumption of
  alcoholic liquor and
• Abnormal sale by ryots of gold, silver and jewels
  at inadequate prices
• Falling prices of meat
• Cattle deaths and diseases
• Starvation deaths

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Guidelines for identifying drought affected areas
The same guidelines were followed in Karnataka up
to 2003
Agricultural drought Based on dry spell
(Agriculture Commission, 1974)Crops require
soil moisture of different levels during
different growth stages -initial stage,-crop
development stage, -mid-season stage and -late
season stage
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• DROUGHT INDICATORS
• Inadequacy of Rainfall
• Variability of rainfall coefficient of variation
• Frequency of occurrence of different ranges of
  rainfall
• Deficiency of rainfall
• Erratic distribution of rainfall (over time
  space) (Dryspell and Interspell duration)
• Soil moisture stress
• Aridity Index/Moisture Adequacy Index
• Decreased Society activity
• Crop losses
• Irrigation facilities
• Levels of Dams, Tanks, Rivers, Nalas
• Groundwater levels
• Migration Human and Animals

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Guidelines for Agricultural drought

• Based on sowing pattern.
• Based on Dryspell (National Agricultural
  Commission 1976)
• Based on Soil moisture stress (Aridity anomaly)
• Based on Crop water budgeting.
• Based on Adequacy of rainfall for agricultural
  requirement.
• Satellite based assessment of Crop condition
• Based on results of Crop cutting experiments.
• Ground truth data through weekly field reports
  from the taluks on the agriculture activities and
  crop condition.

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DISTRICT-WISE AREA AFFECTED BY DRYSPELL DURING RABI 2004 DISTRICT-WISE AREA AFFECTED BY DRYSPELL DURING RABI 2004 DISTRICT-WISE AREA AFFECTED BY DRYSPELL DURING RABI 2004 DISTRICT-WISE AREA AFFECTED BY DRYSPELL DURING RABI 2004
(Upto 22.11.2004) (Upto 22.11.2004) (Upto 22.11.2004) (Upto 22.11.2004)
Area in lakh hects. Area in lakh hects. Area in lakh hects. Area in lakh hects.
Sl. Crops Area of sown
No. Crops affected by area
  Crops dry spell affected
1 2 11 12
2 Chitradurga 0.13 21
3 Davanagere 0.11 82
4 Gadag 0.35 13
5 Haveri 0.32 41
6 Belgaum 0.23 8
7 Bijapur 1.81 35
8 Bagalkot 0.25 9
9 Raichur 0.76 26
10 Koppal 0.31 22
11 Bellary 0.23 19
12 Gulbarga 0.72 13
  STATE 5.23 17
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Crop Water Budgeting Studies cropwise, talukwise
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Satellite based drought monitoring as a
collaborative study with National Remote Sensing
Agency (NRSA), GOI, Hyderabad.
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Standard Precipitation Index A case study Kolar

• Precipitation data from 1901-2004
• Time scale- June, July, Aug, Sept, Kharif, Oct,
  Nov, Dec, Rabi, Annual

Year - 2002 Year - 2002 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in
Talukcode RG station June July Aug Sept Kharif Oct Nov Dec Rabi annual
30001 BAGEPALLI 0.00 -1.33 -1.03 -0.68 -1.80 -0.61 -0.82 0.15 -1.07 -1.76
30002 BANGARAPET 0.20 -1.03 -1.07 0.08 -0.95 -0.96 -0.79 0.08 -1.62 -1.33
30003 CHIKKABALLAPURA 0.35 -1.94 -1.14 -1.28 -2.08 -1.13 -1.15 -0.05 -1.93 -2.11
30004 CHINTAMANI 1.15 -2.13 -0.78 0.14 -0.47 0.26 0.05 -1.05 -0.10 -0.47
30005 GAURIBIDANUR 0.71 -1.74 -0.58 -1.07 -1.47 -0.89 -0.52 -0.67 -1.37 -1.57
30006 GUDIBANDA 0.05 -0.58 -0.39 -0.58 -1.16 -0.73 -0.88 -0.80 -1.62 -1.53
30007 KOLAR 0.20 -2.37 -1.25 0.32 -0.99 -0.06 -1.02 -0.30 -0.83 -0.79
30008 MALUR 1.25 -0.86 -1.64 0.04 -0.43 0.28 -0.49 -0.67 -0.30 0.05
30009 MULABAGILU 1.82 -2.79 -2.69 -0.16 -0.47 0.17 -0.71 -1.14 -0.61 -0.56
30010 SIDLAGHATTA 0.37 -2.31 -1.55 -1.39 -2.30 -0.60 -1.19 0.14 -1.35 -2.33
30011 SRINIVASAPURA 0.61 -2.78 -1.63 0.13 -1.21 -0.03 -0.83 -0.99 -0.77 -1.02
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Standard Precipitation Index- kolar-2002
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Meteorological Drought based on SPI in the year
2002 for the chosen time scales
June 2002
July 2002
Aug 2002
Sept 2002
Kharif 2002
Annual 2002
Rabi 2002
Nov 2002
Oct 2002
Dec 2002
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Meteorological Drought based on SPI over the
years (1998-2004) Time Scale July month
July 1998
July 1999
July 2001
July 2000
July 2004
July 2002
July 2003
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Meteorological Drought based on SPI over the
years (1998-2004)Time Scale KHARIF (
June-September)
Kharif 1998
Kharif 1999
Kharif 2001
Kharif 2000
Kharif 2004
Kharif 2003
Kharif 2002
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DroughtPresent Monitoring System Taluk as a
unit - 176 taluks,Non-Recording/SRRGs, manual
data recording, transmission through fax/
telegram/phone/e-mail/by post Variability with
in the taluk is not being capturedProposed
Monitoring System Phase I Hobli as a
unitPhase II 1. Gram Panchayath as a unit
5200 GPs, Telemetric, real time data
acquisition and transmission2. Color
Doppler Weather Radars
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Working principle
SMS is received by remote server
It is decoded and stored in database
Stored rainfall data is sent via SMS
Every tip is measured
The server or any other computer can analyse the
data and produce maps and reports
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Typical large setup Drought Monitoring
GSM Network
Each unit is programmed to send messages
sequentially
GSM Tower
Central remote server gets messages through the
GSM network
Central Server archives data, analyses it and
produces reports, graphs, maps etc.
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Drought guidelines being followed since 2004

• The successive drought situations during 2001- 04
  brought issues before the Government which were
  discussed in the Cabinet Sub Committee.
• The short comings in the existing guidelines were
  realized
• New guidelines were formulated, during 2004, for
  identifying drought affected areas which are
  being followed by Government of Karnataka since
  2004.

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The Taluks facing different types of drought are
being identified and periodically ted by DMC. In
the Taluks experiencing only Hydrological
drought, the villages falling under
semi-critical, critical and over exploited
category preparedness measures required to
mitigate drinking water problem. The assessment
of the situation for the Metrological and
Agricultural Drought are to be done by
considering prevailing situation as on mid of
July and reviewed with the progress of the
season. In case the Hydrological and Agricultural
situation improves by the end of the season, the
areas declared as drought affected are to be
de-notified. The Hydrological Drought is
assessed at the end of the November
month. CRF/NCCF funds not to be released to the
villages falling under semi critical/critical/over
exploited categories, wherein growing water
intensive crops like paddy and sugarcane are
grown using groundwater. Ground water to be
used for irrigating semi dry crops and less water
intensive horticulture crops in over exploited
areas (area specific crops to be listed). In the
taluks facing hydrological drought, only works
related to ground water recharge activities are
to be taken up such as nalla bunding, gully
plugging, de-silting of ponds/minor irrigation
tanks/medium and major reservoirs, construction
of percolation ponds, sub-surface dykes, recharge
pits, inversion wells, percolation trenches
etc. Cultivation of crops like paddy and
sugarcane to be completely banned in groundwater
overexploited areas
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Sanction of fresh borewells to be taken up
strictly under the orders of Deputy
Commissioners. However, permission could be
accorded to incur expenditure on pipes,
energization, improving well efficiency, pumping
efficiency, conveyance efficiency and
distribution efficiency. Small bhandaras to be
constructed in the rivers around
townships. During 2nd consecutive year of
drought and beyond, storage in surface water
bodies falling in ground water over developed
areas to be used for ground water recharge and
drinking water purposes only. The sluice gate of
surface water bodies to be closed during such
years. Efficiency of drinking water schemes to
be assessed (well yield characteristics, aquifer
capability, water lifting efficiency,
distribution efficiency, delivery efficiency
etc.) and measures taken to rectify technical and
management lacunae.
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EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs) EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs)

  FIRE FLOOD DRINKING EMPLOY FODDER DROUGHT EARTH TOTAL
Year ACCIDENT RELIEF WATER MENT SUPPLY RELIEF QUAKE EXPENDI-
  RELIEF   SUPPLY GENERATION       TURE
1991-2000 1,618.79 22,840.30 10,119.37 5,443.42 415.15 19,999.33 372.56 47,388.85
2000-2007 1,148.49 82,714.21 33,737.67 51,067.21 3,247.27 91,481.49 1,033.35 1,91,220.76
1991-2007 2,767.28 1,05,554.51 43,857.04 56,510.63 3,662.42 1,11,480.82 1,405.91 2,38,609.61
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Total CRF allocation for 2000-2005 to Karnataka
as per 11th Finance Commission 41,204
Lakhs Central Share of CRF during 2000-05.
30,903 Lakhs NCCF Releases during
2002-05 57,697 Lakhs Total money
spent by State Govt. during 2000-05
.. 1,02,896 Lakhs
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• Following measures are to be taken up for over
  coming constraints prevailing in drought
  monitoring and management
• Establishing telemetric rain gauges at Gram
  Panchayath level
• Establishing weather stations at taluk level
• Working out areas specific threshold rainfall
  value for various crops and threshold yield
  values for various agricultural and horticultural
  crops
• Monitoring of Minor Irrigation tank levels and
  other reservoir levels on weekly basis
• Monitoring ground water levels at Gram Panchayath
  level in Groundwater over developed areas,
  i.e semi critical /critical / overexploited
  villages

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Drought is a creeping natural hazard.Effective
monitoring of Drought Indicators provides tools
for decision support system for managing and
mitigation of drought There is need to bring in
more science in to drought monitoring /
management / mitigation
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Feasibility for Continuous and Integrated Drought
Management

• ARC recommendations is supported
• The end products, clientele, resolution of
  products requires small platforms linked to
  regional networks to regional centre for
  excellences to the NRAA

Thank You