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Crime Prevention History and Theory

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Review the different types of crime prevention. Define crime prevention ... a responsibility of all levels of government; linked with solving social problems; and ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Crime Prevention History and Theory


1
Crime PreventionHistory and Theory
  • National Crime Prevention Council
  • 2006

2
Goal
  • To provide community leaders, local government
    officials, private sector partners, faith-based
    organizations, and others with information on
    crime prevention that will enable them to
  • create safer, more secure, and more vibrant
    communities.

3
Objectives
  • Review the different types of crime prevention
  • Define crime prevention
  • Examine the principles of crime prevention
  • Review the history of crime prevention
  • Identify the crime prevention strategies you can
    use to reduce the opportunities for crime in your
    community

4
Types of Crime Prevention
  • Punitive
  • Corrective
  • Protective

5
Crime Prevention - Punitive
  • criminal laws
  • law enforcement
  • Crime Stoppers
  • courts
  • jails and prisons

6
Crime Prevention - Corrective
  • employment
  • education
  • counseling
  • mentoring
  • Head Start
  • D.A.R.E.

7
Crime Prevention - Protective
  • Neighborhood Watch
  • Community Policing
  • Public Education
  • CPTED
  • Homeland Security

8
Crime Prevention Defined 1972
  • Crime prevention is the anticipation,
  • recognition and appraisal of a crime
  • risk and the initiation of some action
  • to remove or reduce it.
  • Source
  • National Crime Prevention Institute - 1972

9
Crime Prevention Triangle (from a Criminals
View)
Desire
Ability
Opportunity
10
Crime Prevention
  • Crime prevention is proactive, rather than
    reactive.
  • Proactive policing attempts to prevent the crime
    from occurring in the first place.
  • Reactive policing responds to crime after it has
    occurred.

11
Crime Prevention is Proactive
  • It stops crime from happening in the first place.

12
Crime Prevention is Proactive(Continued)
  • To view the criminal justice flowchart and to see
    the full explanation go to
  • www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/flowchart.htm

13
Crime Prevention Defined 1990
Crime prevention is a pattern of attitudes and
behaviors directed at reducing the threat of
crime and enhancing the sense of safety and
security, to positively influence the quality of
life in our society, and to develop environments
where crime cannot flourish Source National
Crime Prevention Council - 1990
14
Principles of Crime Prevention
  • Crime Prevention Is
  • everyones business
  • more than security
  • a responsibility of all levels of government
  • linked with solving social problems and
  • cost-effective
  • Source National Crime Prevention Council

15
Principles of Crime Prevention (Continued)
  • Crime Prevention Requires
  • a central position in law enforcement
  • cooperation among all elements of the community
  • education
  • tailoring to local needs and conditions and
  • continual testing and improvement
  • Source National Crime Prevention Council

16
Crime Prevention
  • Improves the quality of life
  • for every community.
  • Source National Crime Prevention Council

17
Techniques of Situational Prevention
  • Increase the Effort
  • Increase the Risks
  • Reduce the Rewards
  • Reduce Provocations
  • Remove Excuses
  • Source Ronald V. Clarke and John Eck (2003)
  • View the complete resource at
  • www.popcenter.org

18
Community Policing Defined
Community Policing is an organization-wide philoso
phy and management approach that promotes
partnerships, proactive problem solving, and
community engagement to address the causes of
crime, fear of crime, and other community
issues. Source Community Policing Initiative -
1990s
19
Sir Robert PeelConsidered a father of law
enforcement
  • Are his principles of policing still applicable
    today?
  • Absolutely!

20
Sir Robert Peels Nine Principles of Policing
  • 1. The basic mission for which the police exist
    is to prevent crime and disorder.
  • 2. The ability of the police to perform their
    duties is dependent upon public approval of
    police actions.
  • 3. Police must secure the willing cooperation of
    the public in voluntary observance of the law to
    be able to secure and maintain the respect of the
    public.

21
Sir Robert Peels Nine Principles of Policing
(Continued)
  • 4. The degree of cooperation of the public that
    can be secured diminishes proportionally to the
    necessity of the use of force.
  • 5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by
    catering to public opinion but by constantly
    demonstrating absolute impartial service to the
    law.
  • 6. Police use physical force to the extent
    necessary to secure observance of the law or to
    restore order only when the expertise of
    persuasion, advice and warning is found to be
    insufficient.

22
Sir Robert Peels Nine Principles of Policing
(Continued)
  • 7. Police at all time should maintain a
    relationship with the public that gives reality
    to the historic tradition the police are public
    and the public are the police. The police being
    only full-time individuals charged with the
    duties that are incumbent on all of the citizens.
  • 8. Police should always direct their actions
    strictly towards their functions and never appear
    to usurp the powers of the judiciary.
  • 9. The test of police efficiency is the absence
    of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence
    of police action in dealing with it.

23
Opportunities to Commit Crime
  • I can reduce the major crime rate in Hopetown,
    U.S.A. by 10 percent by implementing a crime
    prevention policy that does not involve any
  • law enforcement participation?
  • What crime is it?

24
Opportunities to Commit Crime (Continued)
What type of crime prevention is this? How do we
reduce the opportunity?
25
Crime Prevention Strategies
26
Crime Prevention Programs
  • CPTED
  • Neighborhood Watch
  • McGruff House
  • Operation Identification
  • And many others
  • Personal safety
  • Robbery prevention
  • School safety
  • Workplace safety
  • Auto theft prevention

27
Communities
28
Communities
  • Start a Neighborhood Watch program.
  • Institute community beautification projects.
  • Organize voluntary resident patrols.
  • Demonstrate against landlords who rent property
    to drug dealers.
  • Make young people part of your neighborhood
    improvement activities.
  • Organize annual community events.
  • Make sure the local newspaper covers good news
    about your neighborhood.
  • Start a McGruff House program for children and
    youth.

29
ApartmentsandCondos
30
Apartment/Condo Safety
  • Start an Apartment Watch program.
  • Organize citizen patrols.
  • Publish newsletters that update residents on news
    about crime and community activities, and that
    recognize residents.
  • Start a McGruff House program.
  • Organize annual events.

31
Schools
32
Safer Schools Parents
  • Take an active role in your children's school.
  • Act as role models.
  • Set clear limits on behaviors in advance.
  • Communicate clearly on violence issues.
  • Help your children learn how to find solutions to
    problems.
  • Insist on knowing your childrens friends.
  • Work with other parents to develop standards for
    school-related events.
  • Support school policies and rules that help
    create and sustain safety.
  • Join with other parents to talk about violence
    and to discuss prevention.

33
Safer Schools Principals
  • Reward good behavior.
  • Establish zero tolerance policies for weapons
    and violence.
  • Establish a faculty-student committee to develop
    a safety plan.
  • Work with juvenile justice authorities, community
    groups, and law enforcement on a safety plan.
  • Offer training in anger management and other
  • violence prevention skills.
  • Involve every group within the school community
    in crafting solutions to violence.
  • Involve parents.
  • Develop and sustain a network with health care,
  • mental health, and social work resources in the
    community.

34
Safer Schools Students
  • Refuse to bring weapons to school.
  • Report any crime or suspicious behavior
    immediately.
  • Learn how to manage your anger.
  • Help others settle disputes peaceably.
  • Set up a teen court.
  • Become a peer counselor.
  • Mentor a younger student.
  • Start a school crime watch.
  • Ask each student activity or club to adopt an
  • anti-violence theme.
  • Start a peace pledge campaign.
  • Welcome new students and help them feel at home
    in your school.

35
Safer Schools Teachers
  • Set norms for behavior in your classroom.
  • Invite parents to talk with you about their
    children.
  • Learn how to recognize warning signs that a child
    may be headed for violence.
  • Encourage and sponsor student-led antiviolence
    activities.
  • Offer to serve on a team to develop and implement
    a safety plan.
  • Enforce school polices that seek to reduce
    violence.
  • Learn and teach conflict resolution and anger
    management skills.
  • Incorporate discussions on violence and
    prevention in the curriculum.

36
Workplace
37
Workplace Safety
  • Post evacuation plans in highly visible
    locations.
  • Train employees in evacuation procedures.
  • Include revocation of security privileges in
    termination procedures.
  • Make fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and
    emergency preparedness kits readily available.
  • Place keys and other personal items in a secure
    location.
  • Protect computer equipment from surges.
  • Protect fixed and portable computers from theft.
  • Make sure smoke detectors, fire alarms, and
    sprinkler systems are installed and working.

38
Identity Theft and Cyber Safety
39
Identity Theft
  • Dont give out personal information over the
    phone.
  • Shred all documents.
  • Dont use your mothers maiden name as a
    password.
  • Minimize the identification information and the
    number of cards you carry.
  • Dont carry your Social Security card, birth
    certificate, or passport with you, unless
    absolutely necessary.
  • Dont put your telephone number or Social
    Security number on checks.
  • Be careful when using ATM and phone cards.
  • Pay attention to your billing cycles.

40
Cyber Safety
  • Never give out your name and personal information
  • to others online.
  • Dont send personal information over the
    Internet, by email, or over cellular phones.
  • Dont use passwords that are obvious.
  • Avoid break-ins by changing your password
    regularly and memorizing it.
  • Never agree to meet face-to-face with someone
    youve met online.
  • Never respond to messages from unfamiliar
    persons.
  • Look for web pages that have a proper title,
    additional resources, or a person that you are
    able to contact.
  • Know who are the authors or sponsors of the site.

41
Questions and Answers
42
Portions of this presentation are provided by
Patrick D. Harris Executive
DirectorVirginia Crime Prevention
Association1405 Westover Hills Blvd., Suite
6Richmond, VA 23225804-231-3800 FAX
804-231-3900email vaprevent_at_aol.comwebsite
vcpa.org
43
The National Crime Prevention Council
  • 1000 Connecticut Avenue, NW
  • Thirteenth Floor
  • Washington, DC 20036-5325
  • 202-466-6272
  • 202-296-1356 fax
  • www.ncpc.org

44
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