U.S. History Chapter 11 Notes Politics of the Roaring Twenties

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U.S. History Chapter 11 NotesPolitics of the
Roaring Twenties

• The United States seeks postwar normality and
  isolation. The standard of living soars amid
  labor unrest, immigration quotas, and the
  scandals of the Harding administration.

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Section 1A Booming Economy

• Consumer goods fuel the business boom of the
  1920s as Americas standard of living soars.

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The Impact of the Automobile

• Henry Ford made cars affordable
• - Used assembly line
• 1908 - Model T hit the market (cost 825)
• By 1920's - Model T came off the line every 10
  seconds

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Henry Fords success

• Scientific management approach to improving
  efficiency, in which experts looked at every step
  of a manufacturing process, trying to find ways
  to reduce time, effort and expense
• Bolstered employees by doubling their wages and
  reducing their work days
• 2.35/day to 5/day
• 9 hours to 8 hours
• Gave weekends off

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The Impact of the Automobile

• Cars changed life - paved roads, gas stations,
  motels, shopping centers
• Route 66 from Chicago to California

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The Impact of the Automobile

• 1920s 1st Automatic traffic signals used in
  Detroit
• 1927 Holland Tunnel opened to connect New York
  City New Jersey (1st underwater tunnel
  specifically designed for cars)
• Gave mobility to rural families, women, young
  people

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The Impact of the Automobile

• Enabled workers to live farther from jobs
• - Led to urban sprawl (spread of cities)
• Auto industry became economic base for some
  cities
• Boosted oil industry
• Late 1920s - 1 car for every 5 Americans
• 1927 The Model A replaced the Model T
• Enabled customers to order a variety of colors
• Traveled faster smoother

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1923
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1924
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The Young Airplane Industry

• Airplane industry started as mail service for
  U.S. Post Office
• Weather forecasting began
• - Planes carried radios navigation tools
• 1926 Henry Ford built trimotor plane

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The Young Airplane Industry

• Charles Lindbergh Amelia Earhart flights helped
  promote airlines
• - 1927 - Charles Lindbergh became the 1st person
  to fly nonstop across the Atlantic
• - 1928 - Amelia Earhart became 1st women to fly
  nonstop across the Atlantic

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The Young Airplane Industry

• 1927 - Lockheed Company produced popular
  transport plane of the decade (Vega)
• 1927 - Nations 1st commercial airline formed
  (Pan American Airlines)
• - Brought cities closer together
• - Began transatlantic commercial flights

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Americas Standard of Living Soars

• 1920s were prosperous times for America
• 1920 to 1929 Average annual income rose over
  35, from 522 to 705
• People tired of sacrificing
• Ready to spend money
• New inventions
• - Refrigerator
• - Vacuum cleaner
• - Electric stove
• - Wrist watch

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1921Tellus Super model 20
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1922 Gas Stove
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Refrigerator
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Electrical Conveniences

• Prosperity was a result of cheap power
• 1920's - electricity and petroleum become widely
  available
• Widespread electricity made possible by Samual
  Insull
• - He formed GE Company with Thomas Edison

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Electrical Conveniences

• Electricity along with petroleum helped to
  transform the nation
• Factories used electricity to run machines
• Development of alternating current made it
  possible to distribute electricity over longer
  distances
• - Gave electricity to suburbs
• By end of 1920s, more homes begin to have
  electrical appliances
• Appliances made housework easier freed women
  for other activities
• - Refrigerators , cooking ranges, toasters
• Appliances coincided with trend of women working
  outside home

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The Dawn of Modern Advertising

• Advertising agencies began hiring psychologists
  to learn to appeal to public
• Made brand names familiar nationwide
• Pushed luxuries as necessities

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The Dawn of Modern Advertising

• Results were impressive
• - Say it with Flowers slogan doubled florists
  business between 1914 1924
• - Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet caused
  people to choose cigarettes over candy
• - 1923 Listerine advertisements warned about
  the disastrous effects of halitosis

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The Dawn of Modern Advertising

• Businesspeople began working with service groups
  (Rotary, Kiwanis, lions)
• - Raised money for charities boosted the image
  of the businessman
• - promoted selves as benefactors of society

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A Superficial Prosperity

• Most Americans believed prosperity would last
  forever
• - Productivity increased, businesses expanding
• - Several mergers in auto industry, steel,
  electrical equipment, utilities
• - Chain stores developed
• - National banks were allowed to create branches
• Not everyone became wealthy
• Consumer Revolution a flood of new, affordable
  goods became available to the public
• Income gap between workers managers grew
• - 1929 - 60 of Americans lived in poverty

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Two Major Groups Suffered in the 1920s

• Farmers - food prices fell after World War I
• - New machines increased productions
• - Many farmers couldn't afford new machines
• - Drought and insects also damaged crops
• - Government refused to help farmers
• Labor - violent strikes following WWI led to
  anti-union feelings across the country
• - Court rulings caused the unions to lose power

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Buying Goods on Credit

• Businesses began provided easy credit to lure
  customers
• - a dollar down and a dollar forever
• Installment plan - pay for goods over extended
  period with interest
• Bull Market a period of rising stock prices
• Buying on Margin buying stocks, only paying a
  small percentage of the purchase price
• Banks provided money at low interest rates
• Some economists business owners thought
  installment buying was becoming excessive
• - Thought it was a sign of fundamental weakness
  behind superficial prosperity
• Most focused their attention on the present
  didnt worry about the future
• - Thought prosperity would last forever

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Postwar Trends

• World War I left Americans exhausted
• - Debate over League of Nations had divides
  them
• Economy adjusted as cost of living doubled
• - Farm factory orders were down
• - Soldiers took jobs from women minorities
• - Farmers factory workers suffered

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Postwar Trends

• Many Americans responded to the stressful
  conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders
• - Nativism swept nation - prejudice against
  foreign-born people
• - Isolationism became popular - pulling away
  from world affairs

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Fear of Communism

• The spread of Communism was perceived as a threat
  to America (The Red Scare)
• Communism - economic, political system,
  single-party government
• - ruled by dictator
• - no private property

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Fear of Communism

• 1919 - Vladimir Lenin the Bolsheviks set up
  Communist state in Russia
• U.S. Communist Party formed (70, 000 radicals
  joined)
• - Some Industrial Workers of the World join

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Labor Unrest and the Red Scare

• American government feared Communism would spread
  to the U.S. through immigrants
• Feared infiltration of
• Anti-Capitalists
• People who refused to work
• Subversives
• Critics of government
• Supporters of free speech
• Anyone who was un-American (pacifists,
  draft-dodgers, conscientious objectors)

Propaganda poster (1921) Lenin Lived, Lenin
Lives, Lenin Will Live.
Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky started the
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, a violent and
murderous overthrow of the Romanov Czars. The
provisional government gave power to the working
class on whose back the elite earned its wealth.
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Fear of Communism

• Several bombs were mailed to government
  businesses
• - People feared Red conspiracy

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Fear of Communism

• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer took action
• - Appointed J. Edgar Hoover as special assistant
  
• - They hunted down Communists, socialists,
  anarchists (Palmer Raids)
• - Anarchists oppose any form of government
• - Raids trampled civil rights failed to find
  evidence of conspiracy

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Sacco and Vanzetti

• Red Scare fed fear of foreigners, ruined
  reputations wrecked lives
• The two most famous victims were Italian
  immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
• Shoemaker fish peddler who evaded the draft
  during WWI (Anarchists)

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Sacco and Vanzetti

• 1920 - Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested
  charged with the robbery murder of a factory
  paymaster his guard in South Braintree
  Massachusetts
• Prosecutors only had circumstantial evidence
• They provided alibis
• Judge made prejudicial remarks throughout the
  trial

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A painting of Sacco and Vanzetti during their
trial.
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Sacco and Vanzetti

• Jury found them guilty sentenced them to death
• - There were widespread protests in U.S.
  abroad
• - 1927 Sacco Vanzetti were executed in the
  electric chair
• 1961- new ballistics test proved that the pistol
  found on Sacco was used to kill the guard
  (Couldnt prove who actually pulled the trigger)

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Limiting Immigration

• Anti-Immigrant Attitudes had been growing in
  America since the 1880s
• Southern Eastern European immigrants
• Need for unskilled labor decreased in the U.S.
  after WWI
• Nativists believed fewer immigrants were needed
  since there were fewer unskilled jobs available,
• Also thought immigrant anarchists and socialists
  were Communist

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The Klan Rises Again

• Bigots used anti-communism as an excuses to
  harass groups unlike themselves
• 1915 - KKK was revived in Georgia
• - Called for a racially morally pure America
  
• KKK opposed blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants,
  unions, saloons
• - Beat and killed minorities

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The Klan Rises Again

• Members were paid to recruit new members
• - 1924 - 4.5 million members
• - Indiana had the most Klan members
• Klan dominated politics in many states
• Violence led to a decrease in power
• - Membership dropped by the end on the 1920s

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The Quota System

• 1919 - 1921, number of immigrants grew almost
  600
• 141,000 to 805,000
• Nativsists pressured Congress to limit
  immigration from certain countries (Southern
  Eastern Europe)
• The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up a Quota
  system
• - Established the maximum number of people who
  could enter the U.S. from each country
• - sharply reduced European immigration

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The Quota System

• 1924 Amended law limited European arrivals to
  2 of number of its national living in the U.S.
  in 1890
• - Discriminated against southern, eastern
  Europeans (Didnt arrive until after 1890)

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The Quota System

• Law also prohibited Japanese immigration
• Caused ill will between U.S. Japan
• Japan had faithfully kept the Gentlemens
  agreement to limit emigration to the U.S. that
  had been negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt in 1907
• Quota system didnt apply to Western Hemisphere
• - Many Canadians Mexicans entered

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A Time of Labor Unrest

• Government didnt allow strikes in wartime
• - 1919 over 3,000 strikes
• Employers were against raises unions
• - Labeled strikers as Communists

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The Boston Police Strike

• Boston police went on strike over raises the
  right to unionize
• - Hadnt received a raise since beginning of
  WWI)
• Mass. Governor Calvin Coolidge ended strike by
  calling out the National Guard
• - there is no right to strike against the
  public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime
• Replaced strikers with new policemen

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The Boston Police Strike

• People praised Coolidge for saving Boston if not
  the nation from communism
• - He was nominated as Warren G. Hardings
  running mate in the 1920 election

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The Steel Mill Strike

• September1919 - Steel workers went on strike for
  the right to negotiate shorter working hours a
  living wage
• - Also wanted union recognition Collective
  bargaining rights
• Steel Companies hired strike beaters used
  force (Police, Federal troops state militias)

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The Steel Mill Strike

• Used propaganda to link strikers to communist
• Late negotiated
• Talks deadlocked
• Wilson appealed to both sides the strike ended
  January 1920
• 1923 - report on the harsh working conditions
  shocked the public
• Steel companies agreed to a 8-hour day but no
  union

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The Coal Miners Strike

• 1919 - John L. Lewis became head of United Mine
  Workers of America
• Led strike defied a court order to return to
  work
• Coal minors accepted arbitration
• - Miners received 27 wage increase
• - Lewis became national hero

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Labor Movement Loses Appeal

• 1920s - union membership dropped from over 5
  million to 3.5 million
• Immigrants were willing to work for less
• Hard to organize workers due to different
  languages
• Farmers who moved to the city were used to
  relying on themselves
• Less than 1 of African Americans just over 3
  whites were in union

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Section 2The Harding Presidency

• The Harding administration appeals to Americas
  desire for calm and peace after the war, but
  results in scandal

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The 1920 Election

• Warren G. Harding elected president
• Wouldn't rock the boat
• Said America needed normalcy

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Harding Struggles for Peace

• 1921 - President Harding hosted Washington Naval
  Conference
• Problems arose concerning arms control, war
  debts, the reconstruction of war torn countries
  after WWI
• Invited major powers,
• Russia wasnt invited due to communist
  government

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Harding Struggles for Peace

• Sec. of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed
  disarmament others agreed

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Harding Struggles for Peace

• 1928 Fifteen countries signed the
  Kellog-Briand Pact
• - Nations denounced war as national policy
• - Pact was ineffective since it didnt provide
  for means of enforcement

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High Tariffs and Reparations

• Britain France owed the U.S. 10 billion in war
  debts
• Could pay money by selling goods to the U.S. or
  by collecting reparations from Germany
• 1922 - Fordney-McCumber Tariff raised taxes on
  U.S. imports to 60
• - Britain, France couldnt sell enough goods to
  repay U.S.
• Germany defaulted on its reparation payments

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High Tariffs and Reparations

• Dawes Plan - U.S. investors lent reparations
  money to Germany
• - Britain, France repaid U.S.
• Dawes Plan caused resentment on all sides
• - Britain France didnt think the U.S. paid
  its fair share for WWI
• - U.S. thought Britain France were financially
  irresponsible

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Scandal Hits Hardings Administration

• Harding favored a limited government role in
  business, social reform
• He believed that government was getting the way
  of people's lives and businesses
• Created Bureau of the Budget to help the
  government more efficiently

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Scandal Hits Hardings Administration

• Had capable men in cabinet
• Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes went on
  to become chief justice of Supreme Court ,
• Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover had done
  great job distributing foods refugees in WWI
• Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon cut taxes
  reduced national debt

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Scandal Hits Hardings Administration

• Harding also appointed the Ohio gang His
  corrupt friends who caused him embarrassment
• - Were unqualified
• - They stole money from the government
• Ohio Gang hurt Harding's presidency

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The Teapot Dome Scandal

• Teapot Dome scandalnaval oil reserves were used
  for personal gain
• Government had set aside oil-rich public at
  Teapot Dome Wyoming Elk Hills California for
  use by the U.S. Navy
• Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall leased land to
  private companies
• - He received over 400,000 in loans, bonds,
  cash

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The Teapot Dome Scandal

• Fall became the is first person to be convicted
  of a felony while holding a cabinet post
• - Fined 100,000 spent a year in prison

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The Teapot Dome Scandal

• Harding tried to help his image by going on a
  speaking tour in the west
• - Had heart attack Died on August 2, 1923
• VP Calvin Coolidge assumed presidency
• - Restores faith in government
• 1924 Coolidge was elected president

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American Industries Flourish

• Calvin Coolidge wanted to minimize government
  interference in business the chief business of
  the American people is business
• He favored policies that would keep taxes down
  business profits up , give businesses more
  credit to expand
• Coolidges approach worked in the 1920s
• - Lower income taxes gave people more money to
  spend
• - Wages rose and new technology increased
  productivity

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THE ROARING TWENTIES

• LIFE CULTURE IN AMERICA IN THE 1920S

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Demographical Changes

• Demographics statistics that describe a
  population.

• Migration North
• African Americans moving north at rapid pace.
• Why?
• Jim Crow laws
• New job opportunities in north
• 1860 93 in south
• 1930 80 in south

Real Time Demographics

• Struggles
• Faced hatred from whites
• Forced low wages

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Other Migration

• Post-WWI European refugees to America
• Limited immigration in 1920s from Europe and
  Asia.
• Employers turned to Mexican and Canadian
  immigrants to work.
• As a result barrios created
• Spanish speaking neighborhoods.

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THE TWENTIES WOMAN

• After the tumult of World War I, Americans were
  looking for a little fun in the 1920s.
• Women were independent and achieving greater
  freedoms.
• ie. right to vote, more employment, freedom of
  the auto

Chicago 1926
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THE FLAPPER

• Challenged the traditional ways.
• Revolution of manners and morals.
• A Flapper was an emancipated young woman who
  embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes.

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NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN
Early 20th Century teachers

• Many women entered the workplace as nurses,
  teachers, librarians, secretaries.
• Earned less than men and were prevented from
  obtaining certain jobs.

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THE CHANGING AMERICAN FAMILY

• American birthrates declined for several
  decades before the 1920s.
• Trend continues in 1920s with development of
  birth control.
• Margaret Sanger
• Birth control activist
• Founder of American Birth Control League
• ie. Planned Parenthood

Margaret Sanger and other founders of the
American Birth Control League - 1921
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MODERN FAMILY EMERGES

• Marriage was based on romantic love.
• Women managed the household and finances.
• Children were not considered laborers/ wage
  earners anymore.
• Seen as developing children who needed nurturing
  and education

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PROHIBITION
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PROHIBITION

• One example of the clash between city farm was
  the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920.
• Launched era known as Prohibition
• Made it illegal to make, distribute, sell,
  transport or liquor.

Prohibition lasted from 1920 to 1933 when it was
repealed by the 21st Amendment
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SUPPORT FOR PROHIBITION

• Reformers had long believed alcohol led to
  crime, child wife abuse, and accidents
• Supporters were largely from the rural south and
  west

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Legislating Morality

• Problems
• Never consistently enforced
• Bootlegging illegal sale of alcohol
• Bars turned into speakeasies, secret nightclubs
• Corruption of police and government officials
• Expensive to prosecute
• Alcohol consumption increased 300

Carrie Nation, an aggressive Temperance advocate
often entered private property to destroy alcohol
paraphernalia. There is a now a bar named for
her in San Jose.
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Poster supporting prohibition
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SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS

• Many Americans did not believe drinking was a sin
• Most immigrant groups were not willing to give up
  drinking
• To obtain liquor, drinkers went underground to
  hidden saloons known as speakeasies
• People also bought liquor from bootleggers who
  smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West
  Indies
• All of these activities became closely affiliated
  with

Speakeasies
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• Once the alcohol had been confiscated, it had to
  be destroyed. Most often kegs and bottles were
  broken at the raid site and poured down city
  gutters. Just as often, conscientious,
  law-abiding citizens were waiting down the street
  with empty jars, bottles, and buckets to collect
  the wasted moonshine.

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ORGANIZED CRIME

• Prohibition contributed to the growth of
  organized crime in every major city
• Al Capone
• Chicago, Illinois
• famous bootlegger
• Scarface
• 60 million yr (bootleg alone)
• Capone took control of the Chicago liquor
  business by killing off his competition
• Talent for avoiding jail
• 1931 sent to prision for tax-evasion.

Al Capone was finally convicted on tax evasion
charges in 1931
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Racketeering

• Illegal business scheme to make profit.
• Gangsters bribed police or govt officials.
• Forced local businesses a fee for protection.
• No fee - gunned down or businesses blown to bits

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St. Valentines Day Massacre

• Valentines Day February 14, 1929
• Rival between Al Capone and Bugs Moran
• Capone South Side Italian gang
• Moran North Side Irish gang
• Bloody murder of 7 of Morans men.
• Capones men dressed as cops

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GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUOR

• Prohibition failed
• Why? Government did not budget enough money to
  enforce the law
• The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500
  poorly paid federal agents --- clearly an
  impossible task!

Federal agents pour wine down a sewer
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SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED

• By the mid-1920s, only 19 of Americans
  supported Prohibition
• Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than
  it solved
• What problems did it cause?
• The 21st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition
  in 1933

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Science and Religion Clash

• Fundamentalists believe that the biblical account
  of creation is true.
• 1. Aimee Simple McPherson radio evangelist
• Many others believe in Darwins theory of
  evolution.

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A Clash of Values

• Traditional
• Christian, religious, fundamentalism
• The way things always were
• Consistency
• Anti-Immigrant, Nativist
• Strict social activity no drinking,
  prostitution, dancing, smoking, etc.
• Women stay at home

• Modern
• Experimental
• Open to new ideas
• Looser social activity
• World travel
• Acceptance of new fashion
• Sexually active
• Women participate equally
• Rebellious
• Young

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SCOPES TRIAL

• In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nations
  first law that made it a crime to teach
  evolution Butler Law
• The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing
  to challenge the law John Scopes did

Scopes was a biology teacher who dared to teach
his students that man derived from lower species
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SCOPES TRIAL

• The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow, the most famous
  trial lawyer of the era and an agnostic, to
  defend Scopes
• The prosecution countered with William Jennings
  Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential
  nominee and fundamentalist

Darrow
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SCOPES TRIAL

• Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a
  national sensation
• In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the
  stand as an expert on the bible key question
  Should the bible be interpreted literally?
• Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to
  admit that the bible can be interpreted in
  different ways
• Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined
  100

Bryan
Darrow
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Scopes Monkey Trial

• Bryan "I do not think about things I don't think
  about."
• Darrow "Do you think about the things you do
  think about?"
• Bryan "Well, sometimes."

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EDUCATION AND POPULAR CULTURE

• During the 1920s, developments in education had a
  powerful impact on the nation.
• Enrollment in high schools quadrupled between
  1914 and 1926.
• Public schools met the challenge of educating
  millions of immigrants

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SCHOOLS AND THE MASS MEDIA

• Public High Schools take on new roles in
  preparing students for the future.
• Vocational schools for industrial jobs.
• Home Economics for future home makers
• Traditional to prepare college bound students.

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Mass Media

• Increases in Mass media during the 1920s
• Print and broadcast methods of communication.
• Examples
• Newspapers
• Magazines
• Radio
• Movies

Newspapers 27 million to 39 million Increase
of 42 Motion Pictures 40 million to 80
million Increase of 100 Radios 60,000 to
10.2 million Increase of 16,983
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EXPANDING NEWS COVERAGE

• Literacy increased in the 1920s
• as a result
• Newspaper and magazine circulation rose.
• By the end of the 1920s
• 10 American magazines -- including Readers
  Digest, Saturday Evening Post,Time boasted
  circulations of over 2 million a year.
• Tabloids created

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RADIO COMES OF AGE

• Although print media was popular, radio was the
  most powerful communications medium to emerge in
  the 1920s.
• News was delivered faster and to a larger
  audience.
• Americans could hear the voice of the president
  or listen to the World Series live.

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Charlie Chaplin

• Silent film actor
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDvVQOOu1AUYNR1

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ENTERTAINMENT AND ARTS

• Even before sound, movies offered a means of
  escape through romance and comedy
• ie. talkies
• First animated with sound Steamboat Willie
  (1928)
• By 1930 millions of Americans went to the movies
  each week

Walt Disney's animated Steamboat Willie marked
the debut of Mickey Mouse. It was a seven minute
long black and white cartoon.
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Movies

1. The Jazz Singer staring Al Jolson becomes the
   first talkie.

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Icons of 1920s
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AMERICAN HEROES OF THE 20s

• In 1929, Americans spent 4.5 billion on
  entertainment. (includes sports)
• People crowded into baseball games to see their
  heroes
• Babe Ruth was a larger than life American hero
  who played for Yankees
• He hit 60 homers in 1927.

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II. SPORTS AND HEROES

• BASEBALL
• George Herman Babe Ruth of the New York
  Yankees. Hit 60 homeruns in 1927.
• Leroy Satchel Page of the Negro Leagues.

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II. SPORTS AND HEROES

• B. In Boxing Jack Dempsey turned boxing into a
  legitimate sport.

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• William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey ("The Manassa
  Mauler") (June 24, 1895 May 31, 1983) was an
  American boxer who held the world heavyweight
  title from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive
  style and exceptional punching power made him one
  of the most popular boxers in history. Many of
  his fights set financial and attendance records,
  including the first million dollar gate. He is
  listed 10 on The Ring's list of all-time
  heavyweights and 7 among its Top 100 Greatest
  Punchers. He is a member of the International
  Boxing Hall of Fame.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjmaPxa-eZss
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SPORTS AND HEROES

• Gertrude Caroline Ederle (October 23, 1905
  November 30, 2003) was an American competitive
  swimmer. In 1926, she became the first woman to
  swim across the English Channel.

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MUSIC OF THE 1920s

• Famed composer George Gershwin merged traditional
  elements with American Jazz.
• Someone to Watch Over Me
• Embraceable You
• I Got Rhythm

Gershwin
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EDWARD KENNEDY DUKE ELLINGTON

• In the late 1920s, Duke Ellington, a jazz
  pianist and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra
  at the famous Cotton Club.
• Band The Washingtonians
• Ellington is known as one of Americas greatest
  composers.
• Mood Indigo

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LOUIS ARMSTRONG

• Jazz was born in the early 20th century
• In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis
  Armstrong joined the Creole Jazz Band.
• Louis Armstrong the single most important and
  influential musician in the history of Jazz.

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BESSIE SMITH

• Bessie Smith, blues singer, was perhaps the most
  outstanding vocalist of the decade
• She achieved enormous popularity and by 1927 she
  became the highest- paid black artist in the world

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BILLIE HOLIDAY

• Born Eleanora Fagan Gough
• One of the most recognizable voices of the 20s
  and 30s.
• Embraceable You
• God Bless the Child
• Strange Fruit

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1920s DANCING

• Charleston
• Swing Dancing
• Dance Marathons

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More Fads

• Flagpole sitting Where young people would sit
  for hours and even days on top of a flagpole.
  (The record 21 days!)

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Walt Disney

• Walt Disney only attended one year of high
  school.
• He was the voice of Mickey Mouse for two decades.
  
• As a kid he loved drawing and painting.
• He won 32 Academy Awards.

126
ART OF THE 1920s

• Georgia O Keeffe captured the grandeur of New
  York using intensely colored canvases

Radiator Building, Night, New York , 1927Georgia
O'Keeffe
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WRITERS OF THE 1920s

• Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the phrase
  Jazz Age to describe the 1920s
• Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and The Great
  Gatsby
• The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of New
  York elite society

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WRITERS OF THE 1920

• Ernest Hemingway, became one of the best-known
  authors of the era
• Wounded in World War I
• In his novels, The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell
  to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war
• Moves to Europe to escape the life in the United
  States.
• Lost Generation (Gertrude Stein)
• Group of people disconnected from their country
  and its values.
• His simple, straightforward style of writing set
  the literary standard

Hemingway - 1929
129
THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

• Great Migration saw hundreds of thousands of
  African Americans move north to big cities
• 1920
• 5 million of the nations 12 million blacks
  (over 40) lived in cities

Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence
130
HARLEM, NEW YORK

• Harlem, NY became the largest black urban
  community
• Harlem suffered from overcrowding, unemployment
  and poverty
• Home to literary and artistic revival known as
  the Harlem Renaissance

131
LANGSTON HUGHES

• Missouri-born Langston Hughes was the movements
  best known poet
• Many of his poems described the difficult lives
  of working-class blacks
• Thank you Maam
• Some of his poems were put to music, especially
  jazz and blues

132
Zora Neale Hurston

• Write novels, short essays, short stories
• Traveled throughout the South in a battered car
  collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of
  black southerners
• Published these in her book, Mules and Men

133
Harlem Renaissance

• African-Americans performers.
• Paul Robeson a major dramatic actor. Widely
  acclaimed for his performance in Othello and in
  The Emperor Jones.
• Cab Callaway popularized scat or jazz singing.

134
AFRICAN AMERICAN GOALS

• Founded in 1909, the NAACP urged African
  Americans to protest racial violence
• W.E.B Dubois, a founding member, led a march of
  10,000 black men in NY to protest violence

135
Back to Africa

• Marcus Garvey and the UNIA
• United Negro Improvement Association challenged
  the NAACP and idea of racial equality
• Criticized passivity of early Civil Rights
  activists Du Bois and Washington
• Advocated militant racial separation and a return
  to the African homeland
• Instituted Liberia, a home for freed slaves
• Garvey, himself, was criticized for dividing the
  movement

A Jamaican by birth, Garvey prompted thousands to
leave the U.S. for Africa.
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