Kingdom Monera

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Kingdom Monera
Species number low (17, 000) Changing as we
learn more Two Divisions Eubacteria (Bacteria
Cyanobacteria) Archaebacteria
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Kingdom Monera

• Prokaryotic
• Single-celled
• Diverse energy types
• Chemoautotrophic- Purple sulfur bacteria
• Photoautotrophic- cyanobacteria
• Heterotrophic- E. coli

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Kingdom Monera

• Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of
  peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher
  plants).
• Asexual reproduction

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Kingdom Monera
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Eubacteria
pneumonia
cyanobacteria
anthrax
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Cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae Only 200 species? In different
conditionsthey grow differently Lots of
colors Photosynthetic
7,500 ? species
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• Stromatolites
• mainly cyanobacteria
• 2.8 bya in fossil record
• Dominant, no herbivores

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Mats of cyanobacteria
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Red Sea
Turkey
Iran
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Red Sea
Red-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the
surface
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Archaebacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria
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Kingdom Protista
Eukaryotic Generally single-celled if
multicellular, cells not organized into
tissues Heterotrophic autotrophic forms
45,000 species
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Kingdom Protista
3 informal groups Plant-like (algal)
protists Animal-like protists Fungus-like
protists
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Diatoms
Plant-like Protists

• Dinoflagellates
• Diatoms
• Euglena
• Cocolithophore
• Green algae
• Brown Algae
• Red algae

Dinoflagellates
Cocolithophore
Radiolarian
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Photosynthetic pigments of marine plants

• 3 groups of photosynthetic pigments
• Actual photosynthetic pigment-
• 1. chlorophylls
• Accessory pigments-
• 2. caretenoids
• 3. phycoblins
• both caretenoids and phycoblins can function as
• accessory pigments
• part of light reaction or as donors of light
  energy to chlorophyll a
•  

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• Chlorophylls a, b, c, d, e.
• Each molecule functions at
• specific wavelengths of light.
•  
• 2. Carotenes
• carotene B- found in all three divisions
• xanthophylls- 20 different types of pigments and
  two types
• fucoxanthin- found only in phaeophyta
• lutein- common pigment in all large algae
•  
• 3. Phycoblins
• phycocyanin- blue pigment
• phycorethrin- pink-red pigment found in
  rhodophyta and
• cyanobacteria

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Plant-like Protists
Phylum Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates)
Marine and Freshwater
Some live in corals
Cause red tide
1,100 species
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Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp
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Pyrocystis fusiformis
Bioluminescence
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Red Tide
PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning)
Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium
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Biomagnification
Tertiary consumers
13.8 ppm
Secondary consumers
2.07 ppm
Primary consumers
0.23 ppm
Primary producers
0.04 ppm
The numbers are representative values of the
concentration in the tissues of dinoflagellate
toxin (ppm)
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Plant-like Protists
Phylum Chrysophyta (diatoms golden
algae) Link to green algae
13,000 species
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Diatom Reproduction- asexual
epithecate
hypothecate
auxospore
Discards shell and grows new one
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Division Chlorophyta
Green algae Most freshwater or terrestrial Some
marine
7,000 species
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Chlorophyta Green Algae
Caulerpa sertularioides
Codium edule
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Caulerpa racemosa
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Division Phaeophyta
Brown algae Marine habitats Example giant
kelp forests
1,500 species
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Phaeophyta Brown Algae
Hydroclathrus clathratus
Sargassum echinocarpum
Sargassum polyphyllum
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• Example of complex morphology Macrocystis
• holdfast - attaches to substrate
• stipe
• blade - main organ of photosynthesis
• bladder - keeps blades near the surface

Blade

Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast
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Division Rhodophyta
Red algae Most in marine habitats
4,000 species
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Rhodophyta Red Algae
Asparagopsis taxiformis
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Animal-like Protists
Amoeba Cilliates Flagellates
13,000 species
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Foraminifera
Tropics beaches Most have symbiotic algae
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ForameniferaGlobigerina ooze
Covers about 36of the ocean floor
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Fungus-like Protists
Mildew Water molds Blights
Downey mildew
475 species
Slime molds
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Algal Products

• Thickener and help smooth
• Many foods and milk-products

Certain alga can be used to make agar or as
stabilizer in gelatin and ice cream Use sugar,
milk, irish moss or euchima, Chondrus, Porphyra
and Rhodymenia- blend and boil.

• Toothpaste
• Beauty creams
• Paints
• Medical products- like bacterial culture plates,
  time-release pills, and dental impression gels

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Herbivores
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Algal Invaders
Acanthophora
Gracilaria
Hypnea

Avrainvillae
Kappaphycus
Eucheuma