First Coordination Meeting of Regional Air Quality Initiatives and Programs in Asia

1
First Coordination Meeting of Regional Air
Quality Initiatives and Programs in Asia
Cornie Huizenga, CAI-Asia Secretariat
Grand Sheraton 16 June, 2004 Bangkok, Thailand
2
Overview of Presentation

• Background and Objectives of the meeting
• Review of status quo of Air Quality Management in
  Asia
• Priorities for Air Quality Management in Asia
• How to strengthen coordination and cooperation
  among regional programs and initiatives on AQM in
  Asia

3
Part 1

• Background and Objectives of the meeting

4
Background
Objectives Background

• CAI-Asia promotes sharing of experiences and
  building of partnerships.
• CAI-Asia has informally or formally been
  cooperating with several of the regional programs
  and organizations present is, or invited to, the
  meeting
• After having established the CAI-Asia, the
  website (http//www.cleanair.org/caiasia) and
  other activities the time has come to focus more
  on active regional networking and (joint) policy
  development

5
Objectives
Objectives Background

• To share and discuss CAI-Asias views on status
  of AQM in Asia
• To share and discuss approaches adopted by
  regional programs and initiatives in AQM related
  activities
• To share and discuss regional AQM priorities for
  Asia
• To discuss strengthening of Coordination and
  Cooperation among AQM programs and Initiatives in
  Asia

6
Part 2

• Review of Status of AQM in Asia

7
Approach in describing Air Quality Management
Status
AQM Status Asia

• Drivers trends with respect to factors
  contributing to increase/decrease in emissions
• Pressuretrends with respect to emissions from
  different sources
• Statetrends with respect to concentrations of
  pollutants in the atmosphere
• Impact trends with respect to health,
  environmental and economic impacts
• Responsetrends with respect to the development
  of capacity to manage air quality

8
Urbanization
AQM Status Asia drivers
Source United Nations, World Urbanization
Prospects, The 1999 Revision.
9
Population growth
AQM Status Asia drivers
1600.0
1400.0
1200.0
East Asia
1000.0
population
800.0
Southeast Asia
600.0
South Asia
400.0
200.0
0.0
1980
1990
2000
2002
More than One billion extra in 20 years
10
Motorization
AQM Status Asia drivers
Vehicle growth scenario China
Source ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines to Reduce
Vehicle Emissions
Source Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004
11
Energy consumption
AQM Status Asia drivers
3000.0
2500.0
2000.0
Total Asia Pacific
China
MTOE
1500.0
India
Japan
1000.0
500.0
-
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2002
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003
12
CO2 emissions
AQM Status Asia Pressure
Asia Per capita CO2 Emissions
0.4
0.3
Metric Tons of Carbon
0.2
0.1
0.0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1950
CO2 emissions 1980 2020
Source http//cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_fea.
htm
Source IEA, 2002
13
Technology Changes
AQM Status Asia Pressure
Removal of lead from gasoline has drastically
reduced lead being emitted per vehicle

• Energy switch e.g Coal to natural gas has
  contributed to lowering SO2 emissions in urban
  areas in China.

Source BAQ 2002
Source Wangwongwatana, BAQ 2002
Although there is strong growth in motorization,
the introduction of cleaner engines and fuels has
slowed down the overall growth in emissions and
there is considerable potential to slow down the
increase in emissions from transport even further
Source CAI-Asia statistics 2004
14
Local versus trans-boundary generated pollution
AQM Status Asia Pressure
Part of Chinas sulphur emissions are deposited
within China, a substantial amount is deposited
in Korea (24) and Japan (38)
Air quality over Bangladesh on October 23, 2001
(left) and December 4, 2001
Source Draft Results BURGEAP study for China
National Environment Monitoring Center (CNEMC)
financed by French FASEP
Source Alles, Davis 2004 http//fire.biol.wwu.edu
/trent/alles/AirPollution.pdf
15
Air quality levels 2000-2001
AQM Status Asia State
400
350
300
250
Level 0 Pre-problem
200
concentration in µg/m
3
Level 1 Moderate Increasing
150
100
Level 2 High Stable
50
0
Level 3 Medium Decreasing
3
3
3
2
4
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Seoul
Pune
Tokyo
Busan
Manila
Osaka
Jakarta
Kolkata
Bangkok
Mumbai
Colombo
Shanghai
New Delhi
Singapore
Chongqing
Hong Kong
level 4 Low Stable
SPM Limit 90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
SO2 Limit 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
SO2
SPM
NO2 Limit 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
PM10 Limit 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
Source Information collected from national and
local government agencies through CAI-Asia
network, 2003, detailed sources available from
CAI-Asia Secretariat
NO2
PM10
16
Observations on state of air quality
AQM Status Asia State

• Several cities have recorded improvements in air
  quality on annual basis, e.g. Bangkok, but these
  cities continue to surpass short-term standards
  on a regular basis
• It is hard to describe State of air quality in
  Asian cities due to paucity of available data
• If pollutants are not measured e.g. Ozone or fine
  particulate they can not be assessed. It does not
  mean that the problem is not there
• Different cities and countries use different
  scales to define air quality, which makes
  comparison difficult
• Information presented in previous slide can NOT
  be used to rank air quality among Asian cities

17
Health Effects and Health Costs
AQM Status Asia Impact
Exposure Risks
Exposure Risks
Health Effects
Number of Premature Deaths
Asian
Global
Risks
Asian
Global
Risks
Estimate
Estimate
Estimate
Estimate
730,000
1,730,000
Unsafe
730,000
1,730,000
Unsafe
Water
Water
487,000
799,000
Urban
487,000
799,000
Urban
Outdoor Air
Outdoor Air
1,025,000
1,619,000
Indoor Air
1,025,000
1,619,000
Indoor Air
Source WHO, 2002
Source Greenbaum and OKeefe, BAQ 2003
Health Costs
Health Costs
(per year)
(per year)
Manila US392M
Manila US392M


Shanghai US880M
Shanghai US880M


Bangkok US424M
Bangkok US424M


India US14 to 191.6M
India US14 to 191.6M


Jakarta US 100 M
Jakarta US 100 M


Source ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines on Reducing
Vehicle Emissions
18
Benchmarking of AQM capacity
AQM Status Asia Response
AQM Questionnaire

• AQM Profile
• 15-20 page document
• general information
• description of pollution sources
• Air Quality Data
• Impacts of air pollution
• Policies, Programs and Projects
• Conclusions

• Review
• Both city profile and questionnaire to be
  reviewed by air quality experts in the city
• Overall review panel (e.g. WHO, World Bank and
  ADB, etc)

19
Air quality measurement capability
AQM Status Asia Response
Draft Draft Draft
Status of AQ monitoring in Asia

• Only in few cases are monitoring stations linked
  in a network
• Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not
  (yet) include ozone and PM 2.5

• QA/QC programs are not institutionalized in most
  cases
• Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not
  (yet) include ozone and PM 2.5

Source Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality
Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities
of Asia Stage 2 (draft)
20
Data Assessment and Availability
AQM Status Asia Response

• A number of cities have APIs, but not all publish
  AQ information on a regular basis. APIs in most
  cases do not include pollutants of concern such
  as PM10 or Ozone.
• There is no study on the effectiveness of API as
  a communication tool
• Whether people look at it or
• Whether people understand it
• Cities with API do not appear to use API as
  management tool, e.g. issue air quality alerts
• Comprehensive overview of air quality in Asia is
  not available. CAI-Asia is facing difficulties in
  obtaining information

21
Emissions estimates
AQM Status Asia Response
Draft, Draft, Draft

• Many cities have initiated development of
  Emission Inventories
• BUT
• Level of detail/ disaggregation varies greatly
• Reliability of activity data on which
  inventories are based and Emission factors used
  is questionable for many of the cities
• Inventories in many of the cases were conducted
  by outside groups academe or consulting firms
• CAUTION
• in formulating AQM policies based on current
  Emission Inventories

Source Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality
Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities
of Asia Stage 2 (draft)
22
AQM management capacity
AQM Status Asia Response
Draft, Draft, Draft
Stage 5 Low and decreasing levels of air
pollution routine review and updates in
legislation, monitoring, policies and strong
focus on air pollution prevention
Tokyo, Singapore, Osaka, Seoul
Stage 4 Moderate and decreasing levels of air
pollution continuous monitoring, full fledged
policies and control measures, emerging focus on
air pollution prevention
Bangkok, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Busan
Beijing, Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Taipei
Stage 3 High but decreasing levels of air
pollution manual and continuous monitoring,
comprehensive legislation and AQM Action Plans
Stage 2 High but stabilizing levels of air
pollution ad-hoc legislation, start of
monitoring, tail-pipe/ stack emissions control
Colombo, Dhaka, HCM City, Hanoi, Jakarta,
Kathmandu, Manila, Yogyakarta
Stage 1 Moderate and increasing levels of air
pollution ad-hoc monitoring and ad-hoc control
measures
Karachi, Surabaya
Stage 0 Pre-problem stage no or very basic AQM
Classification according to stages is based on AQ
capability questionnaire, AQ levels and City
profile.
Source Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality
Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities
of Asia Stage 2 (draft)
23
Part 3

• Priorities for AQM in Asia

24
Potential Priority Areas
Priorities for AQM in Asia

• Comprehensive Approach to air quality management
• Impact assessment of air pollution
• Roll-out air quality management to more cities
• (New) pollutants of concern PM, Ozone, VOCs and
  heavy metals
• Increased emphasis on prevention of pollution
  rather than managing the tail-pipe and the
  stack-pipe
• Integrate local air quality management with
  trans-boundary air quality management
• Integrate local air quality management with GHG
  abatement
• Funding for AQM

25
Comprehensive approach to AQM
Priorities for AQM in Asia

• Benchmarking study comprehensive approach to
  AQM, over time, gives the best results
• QA/QC THE priority in AQ monitoring
• Continuous monitoring
• Access to information (detailed AQ data) to
  mobilize support and funding for AQM
• Emissions inventories the weakest link in AQM in
  Asia
• Management strategies need to address mobile,
  stationary and area sources
• More institutional capacity/budget to implement
  AQM policies

1. Air quality measurement
2. Data assessment/ availability
3. Emissions estimates
4.Management strategies
26
Impact assessment of Air Pollution in Asia
Priorities for AQM in Asia

• PAPA project fills important gap, but
• Need for increased capacity to assess health
  impacts in Asia exposure analysis, vulnerability
  of special groups (poor, children, elderly)
• Capacity to be more evenly spread across Asia
• Indigenize the capacity to carry out health
  impact research further
• More detailed health and air pollution data
• Make a start with more substantial work on impact
  assessment of air pollution on environment
  (climate and crop growth rates, buildings)
• Improve quality of economic impact analysis of
  air pollution and do them on a routine basis

27
Roll-out of AQM to more cities
Priorities for AQM in Asia

• Asia has about 5000 cities with more than 100.000
  inhabitants. In many of the countries in Asia AQM
  is limited to 5-10 cities.
• National governments will need to focus more on
  legislation, capacity building and oversight and
  delegate responsibility for actual implementation
  of AQM to lower administrative levels
• Capacity building program required for secondary
  cities
• Do secondary cities need modified version of
  comprehensive AQM systems ?

28
(new) pollutants of concern PM, Ozone, VOCs and
heavy metals
Priorities for AQM in Asia

• Fine PM (PM10, , PM 2.5) and ultra-fine
  particulate major health risk. WHO indicates no
  safe levels. Should Asian countries have PM
  standards?
• PM monitoring to be improved and more targeted PM
  reduction strategies to be improved
• Relative importance of PM in APIs to be
  reconsidered
• Increase in motorization in Asia sharpens the
  need to have standards for Ozone, monitor it and
  control it.
• Few countries in Asia monitor VOCs and heavy
  metals

29
Prevention of pollution and tail-stack pipe
solutions
Priorities for AQM in Asia
Mobile Sources of Pollution

• Increase in drivers of air pollution in Asia
  makes it unlikely that tail and stack-pipe
  control can manage air pollution
• Fuel switching and larger share of renewable
  energy sources
• Relocation of pollution from population sources
• Public transport
• Better Land-use planning

Change Modal Split through Land-use Planning,
Transport Planning and Travel Demand Management

Emissions Standards (technology)
Clean Fuels
Inspection Maintenance

• Make optimal use of cleaner technology in
  stationary and mobile sources of pollution
• Cleaner fuels and engines
• Better maintenance

30
Integration of local AQM with trans-boundary AQM
Priorities for AQM in Asia

• AQM strategies usually do not take account of the
  contribution made by pollution originating from
  outside.
• Local AQ monitoring systems and trans-boundary AQ
  monitoring systems to be integrated
• Emission inventories and source apportionment
  studies to reflect what part of pollution is from
  local origin and what is imported
• Where substantive imports occur joint
  strategies to be developed with areas where
  pollution originates (Example of the Pearl Delta)
• Overall trans-boundary air pollution underscores
  the need for harmonized approaches to AQM and
  need for regional cooperation

31
Integration of local AQM with GHG abatement
Priorities for AQM in Asia

• Air pollution and Greenhouse gasses share many
  drivers population growth, urbanization, energy
  use, motorization. It makes sense therefore to
  develop joint strategies.
• Co-benefits of local air pollution control and
  GHG abatement till now not well documented.
  Knowledge management to be improved.
• Air pollution community and GHG community need to
  improve communication. Revise organizational
  structures.
• More joint pilot projects.

32
Funding
Priorities for AQM in Asia
Justification for additional funding

• Expansion of AQ management (quantity and quality)
  will require substantive funding.
• Air Quality management is relatively under funded
  compared to water quality management and other
  urban services
• Funding of AQM needs to be made less dependent on
  donor funding
• Alternative funding sources such as GEF to be
  explored
• Polluters (stationary mobile) need to increase
  funding to prevent/control pollution
• Awareness raising that money spent on AQM is
  money well spent

Health Costs (per year)

• Manila US392M
• Shanghai US880M
• Bangkok US424M
• India US14 to 191.6M
• Jakarta US 100 M

Air pollution prevention in mobile sector through
improved maintenance has very good returns
because of reduced fuel consumption and reduced
breakdowns
Air pollution prevention in stationary sector
cleaner production, reduced fuel consumption and
reduced breakdowns
33
Part 4

• How to strengthen Coordination and Cooperation
  among AQM programs and Initiatives in Asia

34
Initiatives and organizations with AQM portfolio
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
Status of AQ monitoring in Asia
Source Draft Results CAI-Asia Survey AQM
initiatives and Programs, 2004
35
- AQM Projects by country -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
36
AQM Projects by type
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ambient Air Monitoring
Mobile Sources
Stationary Sources
GHG Abatement
Indoor Air Pollution
Transboundary Air Pollution
Note One Project can have multiple objectives
37
Breakdown Mobile Source Projects by sub-objective
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
Note One Project can have multiple sub-objectives
38
AQM Projects by Component
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Policy/ Strategies Development
Data Gathering and Analysis
Awareness Raising
Capacity Building
Equipment Support
Note One Project can have multiple components
39
Collective Knowledge base
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• No established data-base of programs and projects
  duplication of efforts
• Programs and Projects have produced substantive
  body of knowledge yet results are not well
  documented and not shared beyond groups directly
  involved in project implementation
• No joint agenda which documents type of programs
  and projects that will be required

40
Integration external funded projects with regular
AQM efforts
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• Results from special projects until now are not
  fully utilized in the formulation of AQ
  management policies and practices
• Methodology and technology of special AQ data
  projects is often more advanced than regular AQ
  monitoring programs
• Transfer of skills from special projects to
  regulatory agencies is limited

41
-CAI-Asia-
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• The Clean Air Initiative promotes and
  demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air
  quality of Asian Cities through sharing
  experiences and building partnership
• Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality
  management
• Capacity building
• Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the
  regional level
• Assisting cities in formulating and implementing
  integrated air quality management systems
• Piloting projects to encourage innovation

Create an Air Quality Management Community in
Asia
42
CAI-Asia Membership
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
CITIES Bangkok,Thailand Chiang Mai,Thailand Chengd
u,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,
Sri Lanka Dhaka, Bangladesh Guangzhou,PRC Haiphong
, Viet Nam Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet
Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hong
Kong, SAR, China Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakist
an Kathmandu,Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Makati,Philipp
ines Metro Manila, Philippines Mumbai,
India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune,
India Singapore, (NEA) Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,
PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogyakarta,Indonesia
NGAs Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board,
India Australia Department of Environment and
Heritage Balochistan EPA, Pakistan Central
Pollution Control Board, India Department of
Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests,
Ecology and Envt, Karnataka State,
India Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, Philippines Department of Energy,
Philippines Department of Transportation and
Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport
Coordination Board, Bangladesh Environmental
Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan Ministry of
Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment,
Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport,
Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways, India Pollution Control Department,
Thailand State Environmental Protection
Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam
Register, Viet Nam

• 50 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development
Bank Australian Department for Environment and
Heritage German Agency for Technical
Cooperation The William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation United States-Asia Environmental
Partnership Sida World Bank
FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor
Shell Company ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR
Member AVL Corning ETI ACFA
DEKRA ESP Cerulean EMITEC
IPIECA MAHA SGS
43
What does CAI-Asia bring to the table ?
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
Knowledge Management

• cleanairnet.org/caiasia

• CAI-Asia Listserv

• Benchmarking Study
• AQM Best Practices

Capacity Building

• CATNet Asia

• Distance learning course

• Special Training Courses

Regional Policy and Standards

• Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia

• CAI-Asia Oil Industry Dialogue

• Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia

Integrated Air Quality Strategies

• Country and City based AQM strategies

• Country and city based local networks

Pilot Projects

• PAPA Project
• Poverty and Air Pollution

• Diesel
• Emission Factor Development

• PSUTA (sustainable transport)
• Fuel additives

Workshops

• BAQ 2002
• BAQ 2003
• BAQ 2004

• Sustainable Transport, Vietnam
• Sustainable Urban Dev., Shanghai

• Heating, Ulaanbaatar
• Clean Air Congress, London

44
Who has the capacity to coordinate ?
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• Generally the will to coordinate and cooperate is
  larger than the capacity to actually do so
• Limited capacity means difficulties in making
  data available, no travel funds to attend
  coordination meetings, limited possibility to
  prepare for and follow-up to coordination
  meetings
• Few programs, with dedicated secretariats have
  actual capacity to engage in coordination, eg.
  CAI-Asia (8 persons), IGES,
• Coordination mandate of these programs is partly
  self appointed. Natural mandate for coordination
  with UNEP? But, what is their capacity?

45
What are we coordinating?
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• globally (awareness raising on AQM, broad policy
  approaches, information exchange, capacity
  building)
• Regionally (same as globally but at Asia
  specific level, more emphasis on harmonization of
  policies and standards)
• Nationally (policy and standards setting,
  institutional structures, capacity building and
  AQM implementation coordination and oversight)
• City ( implementation coordination within
  policies and structures set at the national
  level).

Policies Standards
Awareness Raising and Knowledge management
Implementation Coordination
46
- CAI-Asia 2004 objective for global
coordination -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• Strengthen general knowledge base on AQM through
  http//www.cleanairnet.org

Hosted under World Bank contract (tech. Support
Chile)
Managed by ADB and WB (tech. Support Chile)

• Discuss possibilities for coordinated approaches
  to capacity building with Latin America, Africa
  and Asia based on CATNet-Asia model and Distance
  learning course
• Discuss desirability and feasibility of further
  organizational cooperation and integration of
  CAI-Asia, CAI-LAC (Latin America) and CAI-SSA
  (Sub-Sahara Africa)

47
- CAI-Asia 2004 objective for regional
coordination -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• Four main products
• Synthesis of Air pollution health impact studies-
  PAPA project describes why AQM is needed in
  Asia
• Strategic Framework for Air Quality management
  (APMA/CAI-Asia) outlines a broad based, high
  level approach to AQM in Asia
• Benchmarking of Air Quality Management capability
  (APMA/CAI-Asia) assesses how far Asian cities
  are in the implementation of SF for AQM in Asia
• Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia (CAI-Asia/????)
  in the further strengthening of AQM capacity in
  Asia, what should be the focus of AQM

48
- CAI-Asia 2004 objective for national
coordination -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• Establishment of national networks in main
  countries of Asia
• Encourage discussion on national policies and
  standards on AQM
• Promote capacity building programs

China local Network (under establishment) Lead
ADB- EF
India local Network (under establishment) Lead
ADB
Bangladesh local Network (under
establishment) Lead ADB WB
Nepal local Network (under establishment) Lead
ADB
Sri-Lanka local Network (AIRMAC) Lead
USAID/US-AEP
Vietnam Network Lead USAID/US-AEP
49
- CAI-Asia 2004 objective for city coordination -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• Establishment of city networks where relevant
• Encourage discussion on implementation
  cooperation
• Promote capacity building programs

Jakarta Network (Mitra Emisi Bersih) Lead
USAID/US-AEP
Manila local Network (Partnership for Clean
Air) Lead ADB
Pune local Network Lead USAID/US-AEP
Karachi local network (Under establishment) Lead
IUCN
50
How do we continue with coordination and
cooperation?
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia

• No predefined concept of coordination and
  cooperation
• Each coordinator will define concept of
  coordination and cooperation
• Avoid over-dependence on one organization for
  coordination and cooperation
• There can and should be several coordinators for
  global, regional, national and local level, and
  thematic topics (e.g. PAPA program)
• Make certain that the coordinators talk to each
  other and that there are communication structures
  (websites, listservers, workshops, dedicated
  meetings)

The most successful coordination and cooperation
is organic!