Title: First Coordination Meeting of Regional Air Quality Initiatives and Programs in Asia
1First Coordination Meeting of Regional Air
Quality Initiatives and Programs in Asia
Cornie Huizenga, CAI-Asia Secretariat
Grand Sheraton 16 June, 2004 Bangkok, Thailand
2Overview of Presentation
- Background and Objectives of the meeting
- Review of status quo of Air Quality Management in
Asia - Priorities for Air Quality Management in Asia
- How to strengthen coordination and cooperation
among regional programs and initiatives on AQM in
Asia
3Part 1
- Background and Objectives of the meeting
4Background
Objectives Background
- CAI-Asia promotes sharing of experiences and
building of partnerships. - CAI-Asia has informally or formally been
cooperating with several of the regional programs
and organizations present is, or invited to, the
meeting - After having established the CAI-Asia, the
website (http//www.cleanair.org/caiasia) and
other activities the time has come to focus more
on active regional networking and (joint) policy
development
5Objectives
Objectives Background
- To share and discuss CAI-Asias views on status
of AQM in Asia - To share and discuss approaches adopted by
regional programs and initiatives in AQM related
activities - To share and discuss regional AQM priorities for
Asia - To discuss strengthening of Coordination and
Cooperation among AQM programs and Initiatives in
Asia
6Part 2
- Review of Status of AQM in Asia
7Approach in describing Air Quality Management
Status
AQM Status Asia
- Drivers trends with respect to factors
contributing to increase/decrease in emissions - Pressuretrends with respect to emissions from
different sources - Statetrends with respect to concentrations of
pollutants in the atmosphere - Impact trends with respect to health,
environmental and economic impacts - Responsetrends with respect to the development
of capacity to manage air quality
8Urbanization
AQM Status Asia drivers
Source United Nations, World Urbanization
Prospects, The 1999 Revision.
9Population growth
AQM Status Asia drivers
1600.0
1400.0
1200.0
East Asia
1000.0
population
800.0
Southeast Asia
600.0
South Asia
400.0
200.0
0.0
1980
1990
2000
2002
More than One billion extra in 20 years
10Motorization
AQM Status Asia drivers
Vehicle growth scenario China
Source ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines to Reduce
Vehicle Emissions
Source Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004
11Energy consumption
AQM Status Asia drivers
3000.0
2500.0
2000.0
Total Asia Pacific
China
MTOE
1500.0
India
Japan
1000.0
500.0
-
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2002
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2003
12CO2 emissions
AQM Status Asia Pressure
Asia Per capita CO2 Emissions
0.4
0.3
Metric Tons of Carbon
0.2
0.1
0.0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
1950
CO2 emissions 1980 2020
Source http//cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_fea.
htm
Source IEA, 2002
13Technology Changes
AQM Status Asia Pressure
Removal of lead from gasoline has drastically
reduced lead being emitted per vehicle
- Energy switch e.g Coal to natural gas has
contributed to lowering SO2 emissions in urban
areas in China.
Source BAQ 2002
Source Wangwongwatana, BAQ 2002
Although there is strong growth in motorization,
the introduction of cleaner engines and fuels has
slowed down the overall growth in emissions and
there is considerable potential to slow down the
increase in emissions from transport even further
Source CAI-Asia statistics 2004
14Local versus trans-boundary generated pollution
AQM Status Asia Pressure
Part of Chinas sulphur emissions are deposited
within China, a substantial amount is deposited
in Korea (24) and Japan (38)
Air quality over Bangladesh on October 23, 2001
(left) and December 4, 2001
Source Draft Results BURGEAP study for China
National Environment Monitoring Center (CNEMC)
financed by French FASEP
Source Alles, Davis 2004 http//fire.biol.wwu.edu
/trent/alles/AirPollution.pdf
15Air quality levels 2000-2001
AQM Status Asia State
400
350
300
250
Level 0 Pre-problem
200
concentration in µg/m
3
Level 1 Moderate Increasing
150
100
Level 2 High Stable
50
0
Level 3 Medium Decreasing
3
3
3
2
4
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Seoul
Pune
Tokyo
Busan
Manila
Osaka
Jakarta
Kolkata
Bangkok
Mumbai
Colombo
Shanghai
New Delhi
Singapore
Chongqing
Hong Kong
level 4 Low Stable
SPM Limit 90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
SO2 Limit 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
SO2
SPM
NO2 Limit 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
PM10 Limit 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
Source Information collected from national and
local government agencies through CAI-Asia
network, 2003, detailed sources available from
CAI-Asia Secretariat
NO2
PM10
16Observations on state of air quality
AQM Status Asia State
- Several cities have recorded improvements in air
quality on annual basis, e.g. Bangkok, but these
cities continue to surpass short-term standards
on a regular basis - It is hard to describe State of air quality in
Asian cities due to paucity of available data - If pollutants are not measured e.g. Ozone or fine
particulate they can not be assessed. It does not
mean that the problem is not there - Different cities and countries use different
scales to define air quality, which makes
comparison difficult - Information presented in previous slide can NOT
be used to rank air quality among Asian cities
17Health Effects and Health Costs
AQM Status Asia Impact
Exposure Risks
Exposure Risks
Health Effects
Number of Premature Deaths
Asian
Global
Risks
Asian
Global
Risks
Estimate
Estimate
Estimate
Estimate
730,000
1,730,000
Unsafe
730,000
1,730,000
Unsafe
Water
Water
487,000
799,000
Urban
487,000
799,000
Urban
Outdoor Air
Outdoor Air
1,025,000
1,619,000
Indoor Air
1,025,000
1,619,000
Indoor Air
Source WHO, 2002
Source Greenbaum and OKeefe, BAQ 2003
Health Costs
Health Costs
(per year)
(per year)
Manila US392M
Manila US392M
Shanghai US880M
Shanghai US880M
Bangkok US424M
Bangkok US424M
India US14 to 191.6M
India US14 to 191.6M
Jakarta US 100 M
Jakarta US 100 M
Source ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines on Reducing
Vehicle Emissions
18 Benchmarking of AQM capacity
AQM Status Asia Response
AQM Questionnaire
- AQM Profile
- 15-20 page document
- general information
- description of pollution sources
- Air Quality Data
- Impacts of air pollution
- Policies, Programs and Projects
- Conclusions
- Review
- Both city profile and questionnaire to be
reviewed by air quality experts in the city - Overall review panel (e.g. WHO, World Bank and
ADB, etc)
19Air quality measurement capability
AQM Status Asia Response
Draft Draft Draft
City manual continuous
Bangkok 21
Beijing 24
Busan 14
Colombo 1
Delhi 11
Dhaka 1
Hanoi 4
Ho Chi Minh 8 9
Hong Kong 14
Jakarta 1 5
Kathmandu 6
City manual continuous
Kolkata 12 5
Manila 5
Mumbai 22
Osaka 14
Seoul 27
Shanghai 23 21
Singapore 17
Surabaya 5
Taipei 8
Tokyo 82
Yogyakarta 6
Status of AQ monitoring in Asia
- Only in few cases are monitoring stations linked
in a network - Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not
(yet) include ozone and PM 2.5
- QA/QC programs are not institutionalized in most
cases - Routine regulatory monitoring generally does not
(yet) include ozone and PM 2.5
Source Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality
Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities
of Asia Stage 2 (draft)
20Data Assessment and Availability
AQM Status Asia Response
- A number of cities have APIs, but not all publish
AQ information on a regular basis. APIs in most
cases do not include pollutants of concern such
as PM10 or Ozone. - There is no study on the effectiveness of API as
a communication tool - Whether people look at it or
- Whether people understand it
- Cities with API do not appear to use API as
management tool, e.g. issue air quality alerts - Comprehensive overview of air quality in Asia is
not available. CAI-Asia is facing difficulties in
obtaining information
21Emissions estimates
AQM Status Asia Response
Draft, Draft, Draft
- Many cities have initiated development of
Emission Inventories - BUT
- Level of detail/ disaggregation varies greatly
- Reliability of activity data on which
inventories are based and Emission factors used
is questionable for many of the cities - Inventories in many of the cases were conducted
by outside groups academe or consulting firms - CAUTION
- in formulating AQM policies based on current
Emission Inventories
Source Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality
Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities
of Asia Stage 2 (draft)
22AQM management capacity
AQM Status Asia Response
Draft, Draft, Draft
Stage 5 Low and decreasing levels of air
pollution routine review and updates in
legislation, monitoring, policies and strong
focus on air pollution prevention
Tokyo, Singapore, Osaka, Seoul
Stage 4 Moderate and decreasing levels of air
pollution continuous monitoring, full fledged
policies and control measures, emerging focus on
air pollution prevention
Bangkok, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Busan
Beijing, Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Taipei
Stage 3 High but decreasing levels of air
pollution manual and continuous monitoring,
comprehensive legislation and AQM Action Plans
Stage 2 High but stabilizing levels of air
pollution ad-hoc legislation, start of
monitoring, tail-pipe/ stack emissions control
Colombo, Dhaka, HCM City, Hanoi, Jakarta,
Kathmandu, Manila, Yogyakarta
Stage 1 Moderate and increasing levels of air
pollution ad-hoc monitoring and ad-hoc control
measures
Karachi, Surabaya
Stage 0 Pre-problem stage no or very basic AQM
Classification according to stages is based on AQ
capability questionnaire, AQ levels and City
profile.
Source Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality
Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities
of Asia Stage 2 (draft)
23Part 3
- Priorities for AQM in Asia
24Potential Priority Areas
Priorities for AQM in Asia
- Comprehensive Approach to air quality management
- Impact assessment of air pollution
- Roll-out air quality management to more cities
- (New) pollutants of concern PM, Ozone, VOCs and
heavy metals - Increased emphasis on prevention of pollution
rather than managing the tail-pipe and the
stack-pipe - Integrate local air quality management with
trans-boundary air quality management - Integrate local air quality management with GHG
abatement - Funding for AQM
25Comprehensive approach to AQM
Priorities for AQM in Asia
- Benchmarking study comprehensive approach to
AQM, over time, gives the best results - QA/QC THE priority in AQ monitoring
- Continuous monitoring
- Access to information (detailed AQ data) to
mobilize support and funding for AQM - Emissions inventories the weakest link in AQM in
Asia - Management strategies need to address mobile,
stationary and area sources - More institutional capacity/budget to implement
AQM policies
1. Air quality measurement
2. Data assessment/ availability
3. Emissions estimates
4.Management strategies
26Impact assessment of Air Pollution in Asia
Priorities for AQM in Asia
- PAPA project fills important gap, but
- Need for increased capacity to assess health
impacts in Asia exposure analysis, vulnerability
of special groups (poor, children, elderly) - Capacity to be more evenly spread across Asia
- Indigenize the capacity to carry out health
impact research further - More detailed health and air pollution data
- Make a start with more substantial work on impact
assessment of air pollution on environment
(climate and crop growth rates, buildings) - Improve quality of economic impact analysis of
air pollution and do them on a routine basis
27Roll-out of AQM to more cities
Priorities for AQM in Asia
- Asia has about 5000 cities with more than 100.000
inhabitants. In many of the countries in Asia AQM
is limited to 5-10 cities. - National governments will need to focus more on
legislation, capacity building and oversight and
delegate responsibility for actual implementation
of AQM to lower administrative levels - Capacity building program required for secondary
cities - Do secondary cities need modified version of
comprehensive AQM systems ?
28(new) pollutants of concern PM, Ozone, VOCs and
heavy metals
Priorities for AQM in Asia
- Fine PM (PM10, , PM 2.5) and ultra-fine
particulate major health risk. WHO indicates no
safe levels. Should Asian countries have PM
standards? - PM monitoring to be improved and more targeted PM
reduction strategies to be improved - Relative importance of PM in APIs to be
reconsidered - Increase in motorization in Asia sharpens the
need to have standards for Ozone, monitor it and
control it. - Few countries in Asia monitor VOCs and heavy
metals
29Prevention of pollution and tail-stack pipe
solutions
Priorities for AQM in Asia
Mobile Sources of Pollution
- Increase in drivers of air pollution in Asia
makes it unlikely that tail and stack-pipe
control can manage air pollution - Fuel switching and larger share of renewable
energy sources - Relocation of pollution from population sources
- Public transport
- Better Land-use planning
-
Change Modal Split through Land-use Planning,
Transport Planning and Travel Demand Management
Emissions Standards (technology)
Clean Fuels
Inspection Maintenance
- Make optimal use of cleaner technology in
stationary and mobile sources of pollution - Cleaner fuels and engines
- Better maintenance
30Integration of local AQM with trans-boundary AQM
Priorities for AQM in Asia
- AQM strategies usually do not take account of the
contribution made by pollution originating from
outside. - Local AQ monitoring systems and trans-boundary AQ
monitoring systems to be integrated - Emission inventories and source apportionment
studies to reflect what part of pollution is from
local origin and what is imported - Where substantive imports occur joint
strategies to be developed with areas where
pollution originates (Example of the Pearl Delta) - Overall trans-boundary air pollution underscores
the need for harmonized approaches to AQM and
need for regional cooperation
31Integration of local AQM with GHG abatement
Priorities for AQM in Asia
- Air pollution and Greenhouse gasses share many
drivers population growth, urbanization, energy
use, motorization. It makes sense therefore to
develop joint strategies. - Co-benefits of local air pollution control and
GHG abatement till now not well documented.
Knowledge management to be improved. - Air pollution community and GHG community need to
improve communication. Revise organizational
structures. - More joint pilot projects.
32Funding
Priorities for AQM in Asia
Justification for additional funding
- Expansion of AQ management (quantity and quality)
will require substantive funding. - Air Quality management is relatively under funded
compared to water quality management and other
urban services - Funding of AQM needs to be made less dependent on
donor funding - Alternative funding sources such as GEF to be
explored - Polluters (stationary mobile) need to increase
funding to prevent/control pollution - Awareness raising that money spent on AQM is
money well spent
Health Costs (per year)
- Manila US392M
- Shanghai US880M
- Bangkok US424M
- India US14 to 191.6M
- Jakarta US 100 M
Air pollution prevention in mobile sector through
improved maintenance has very good returns
because of reduced fuel consumption and reduced
breakdowns
Air pollution prevention in stationary sector
cleaner production, reduced fuel consumption and
reduced breakdowns
33Part 4
- How to strengthen Coordination and Cooperation
among AQM programs and Initiatives in Asia
34Initiatives and organizations with AQM portfolio
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
Name Local Air pollution Trans-boundary No. Projects
APFED 1
Asian Development Bank 25
AIRPET 6
ASEAN WGSC 1
EMBARQ 2
GTZ 3
HEI 1
(UNDP/ RCA/ IAEA) 14
ICLEI 1
Kitakyushu Initiative/ IGES 4
JBIC 12
JICA 4
Name Local Air pollution Trans-boundary No. Projects
POINT - JTCA 1
RAPIDC 3
SIAM 6
Swisscontact 3
UNCRD 1
UNEP 5
USAID/US-AEP 7
US-EPA 35
USTDA 2
S-Asia Urban Environment Management Project 1
The World Bank 12
WHO 5
Status of AQ monitoring in Asia
Source Draft Results CAI-Asia Survey AQM
initiatives and Programs, 2004
35- AQM Projects by country -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
36AQM Projects by type
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ambient Air Monitoring
Mobile Sources
Stationary Sources
GHG Abatement
Indoor Air Pollution
Transboundary Air Pollution
Note One Project can have multiple objectives
37Breakdown Mobile Source Projects by sub-objective
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
Note One Project can have multiple sub-objectives
38AQM Projects by Component
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Policy/ Strategies Development
Data Gathering and Analysis
Awareness Raising
Capacity Building
Equipment Support
Note One Project can have multiple components
39Collective Knowledge base
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- No established data-base of programs and projects
duplication of efforts - Programs and Projects have produced substantive
body of knowledge yet results are not well
documented and not shared beyond groups directly
involved in project implementation - No joint agenda which documents type of programs
and projects that will be required
40Integration external funded projects with regular
AQM efforts
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- Results from special projects until now are not
fully utilized in the formulation of AQ
management policies and practices - Methodology and technology of special AQ data
projects is often more advanced than regular AQ
monitoring programs - Transfer of skills from special projects to
regulatory agencies is limited
41 -CAI-Asia-
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- The Clean Air Initiative promotes and
demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air
quality of Asian Cities through sharing
experiences and building partnership - Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality
management - Capacity building
- Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the
regional level - Assisting cities in formulating and implementing
integrated air quality management systems - Piloting projects to encourage innovation
Create an Air Quality Management Community in
Asia
42CAI-Asia Membership
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
CITIES Bangkok,Thailand Chiang Mai,Thailand Chengd
u,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,
Sri Lanka Dhaka, Bangladesh Guangzhou,PRC Haiphong
, Viet Nam Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet
Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hong
Kong, SAR, China Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakist
an Kathmandu,Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Makati,Philipp
ines Metro Manila, Philippines Mumbai,
India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune,
India Singapore, (NEA) Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,
PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogyakarta,Indonesia
NGAs Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board,
India Australia Department of Environment and
Heritage Balochistan EPA, Pakistan Central
Pollution Control Board, India Department of
Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests,
Ecology and Envt, Karnataka State,
India Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, Philippines Department of Energy,
Philippines Department of Transportation and
Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport
Coordination Board, Bangladesh Environmental
Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan Ministry of
Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment,
Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport,
Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways, India Pollution Control Department,
Thailand State Environmental Protection
Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam
Register, Viet Nam
- 50 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development
Bank Australian Department for Environment and
Heritage German Agency for Technical
Cooperation The William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation United States-Asia Environmental
Partnership Sida World Bank
FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor
Shell Company ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR
Member AVL Corning ETI ACFA
DEKRA ESP Cerulean EMITEC
IPIECA MAHA SGS
43What does CAI-Asia bring to the table ?
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
Knowledge Management
- Benchmarking Study
- AQM Best Practices
Capacity Building
Regional Policy and Standards
- Strategic Framework for AQM in Asia
- CAI-Asia Oil Industry Dialogue
- Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia
Integrated Air Quality Strategies
- Country and City based AQM strategies
- Country and city based local networks
Pilot Projects
- PAPA Project
- Poverty and Air Pollution
- Diesel
- Emission Factor Development
- PSUTA (sustainable transport)
- Fuel additives
Workshops
- BAQ 2002
- BAQ 2003
- BAQ 2004
-
- Sustainable Transport, Vietnam
- Sustainable Urban Dev., Shanghai
- Heating, Ulaanbaatar
- Clean Air Congress, London
44Who has the capacity to coordinate ?
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- Generally the will to coordinate and cooperate is
larger than the capacity to actually do so - Limited capacity means difficulties in making
data available, no travel funds to attend
coordination meetings, limited possibility to
prepare for and follow-up to coordination
meetings - Few programs, with dedicated secretariats have
actual capacity to engage in coordination, eg.
CAI-Asia (8 persons), IGES, - Coordination mandate of these programs is partly
self appointed. Natural mandate for coordination
with UNEP? But, what is their capacity?
45What are we coordinating?
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- globally (awareness raising on AQM, broad policy
approaches, information exchange, capacity
building) - Regionally (same as globally but at Asia
specific level, more emphasis on harmonization of
policies and standards) - Nationally (policy and standards setting,
institutional structures, capacity building and
AQM implementation coordination and oversight) - City ( implementation coordination within
policies and structures set at the national
level).
Policies Standards
Awareness Raising and Knowledge management
Implementation Coordination
46 - CAI-Asia 2004 objective for global
coordination -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- Strengthen general knowledge base on AQM through
http//www.cleanairnet.org -
Hosted under World Bank contract (tech. Support
Chile)
Managed by ADB and WB (tech. Support Chile)
- Discuss possibilities for coordinated approaches
to capacity building with Latin America, Africa
and Asia based on CATNet-Asia model and Distance
learning course - Discuss desirability and feasibility of further
organizational cooperation and integration of
CAI-Asia, CAI-LAC (Latin America) and CAI-SSA
(Sub-Sahara Africa)
47 - CAI-Asia 2004 objective for regional
coordination -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- Four main products
- Synthesis of Air pollution health impact studies-
PAPA project describes why AQM is needed in
Asia - Strategic Framework for Air Quality management
(APMA/CAI-Asia) outlines a broad based, high
level approach to AQM in Asia - Benchmarking of Air Quality Management capability
(APMA/CAI-Asia) assesses how far Asian cities
are in the implementation of SF for AQM in Asia - Priority Agenda for AQM in Asia (CAI-Asia/????)
in the further strengthening of AQM capacity in
Asia, what should be the focus of AQM
48 - CAI-Asia 2004 objective for national
coordination -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- Establishment of national networks in main
countries of Asia - Encourage discussion on national policies and
standards on AQM - Promote capacity building programs
China local Network (under establishment) Lead
ADB- EF
India local Network (under establishment) Lead
ADB
Bangladesh local Network (under
establishment) Lead ADB WB
Nepal local Network (under establishment) Lead
ADB
Sri-Lanka local Network (AIRMAC) Lead
USAID/US-AEP
Vietnam Network Lead USAID/US-AEP
49 - CAI-Asia 2004 objective for city coordination -
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- Establishment of city networks where relevant
- Encourage discussion on implementation
cooperation - Promote capacity building programs
Jakarta Network (Mitra Emisi Bersih) Lead
USAID/US-AEP
Manila local Network (Partnership for Clean
Air) Lead ADB
Pune local Network Lead USAID/US-AEP
Karachi local network (Under establishment) Lead
IUCN
50How do we continue with coordination and
cooperation?
AQM Coordination and Cooperation in Asia
- No predefined concept of coordination and
cooperation - Each coordinator will define concept of
coordination and cooperation - Avoid over-dependence on one organization for
coordination and cooperation - There can and should be several coordinators for
global, regional, national and local level, and
thematic topics (e.g. PAPA program) - Make certain that the coordinators talk to each
other and that there are communication structures
(websites, listservers, workshops, dedicated
meetings)
The most successful coordination and cooperation
is organic!